第一篇：4000词汇笔记

历史与现实

——4000词汇的世界

笔记整理：Martin Wong

内部资料请勿翻印

专题一：单词演义（TheGenesisOfEnglishlexis）

1ManoreWoman

男人和女人在单词中存在的意义很深渊。“M”代表山。“W”代表水。西方人认为男人就是山，女人就是水。

‘M’ 男性（Man，Male，Masculine，Manage，Match）

‘W’女性（Woman，Wife，Widow，Watch„„）英语词根的来源

（1）古英语：正宗英国原著名，代表单音节发音的词

Door，Hard，Axe

(2)希腊语与拉丁语的扩展：词根，词缀的要素。教育Introduce介绍；intro（向里）+duc（拉）+e

Seduce色诱se（色）+duc+e

(3).法语的入侵;

Government（政府）

（1）此类发音要求重音靠后。CafeResume

（2）结尾是辅音的不发音。BulletDebutDavid

(4)..其他的语言入侵

Kungfun（功夫）Coolie（苦力）

Tyhoon（台风）shanghai（V.拐骗N.上海）

与音乐相关都来自意大利语。

PianoSoloViolinCelloAria

单词演化打法！！

一．元音互换（/a//e//i / o//y / 还有一个特殊辅音 /Y/。

Bilingual双语bi=2lingu=languge

Bicycle自行车

二．辅音互换（1）发音相似t—d ,p—d，v—F，c—K—g。

注意（单词来源于发音）① Disc=Disk

② Candle=Kindle

③ Blink=Blind

④ Korea=Corea

⑤China——Cina——Sina； Sinpec 中国石化

（2）拼写相似(辅音的11中可以互换 /m/—/n//b/—/p//b/—/d//w/—/m//u/—/v/—/w/)W=double UWars=Mars

Itnter+V Val=Wall（墙）=Interval（间隔）

① Cab=Head（头）Cabbage包菜，大头菜

② Cap帽子

③ cape海脚a.cape toun(海角之域，南非首都开普敦)

b.captain 队长

d.capital首都省会

④Biceps二头肌Bi=2

⑤Triceps三头肌Tri=3

（3）字幕可脱落和附和

Twin=two in（双胎胎）

Walnut(核桃)=wall（墙）+nut（坚果）

Combat群殴

Bat=beat击打Hit 打

附加：fin（末端尖状物）

Fin鱼鳞

Final 最后

Finger 手指

Finish结束

Finland芬兰

Fiancee未婚妻

（4）字母顺序的相互Astr=star星星

Consider（考虑）

Disaster（灾难）

Astronomy（天文学）

Astronaut（宇航员）nau=nav=nary 航海，航行Taikonaunt（taikongren）

*词汇的故事*

Apple—tree—cat—tin（小厅）

Banana

Cancer巨蟹座，癌症

Log—blog日志—博客

Salay—salt薪水—盐

Car----cart-------carry---------carpenter------„„career

Chaos<混乱>-------(吵死)

Chaotic<混乱地>

Uronus

Cronus

Zeus

Apollo

Artemis（Diana）

Aphrodite（venus）eg。April is the month of love。

Volcano（火山）

Athena 智慧之神Ares 战胜

Athlete；运动员

Pdseidon

Hades

Titan 巨人titanic，Atlas

Promethens ①hunan 人类，hum 土，泥巴 ②humble，humiliate，humid Pandora 终身的礼物（潘多拉）

Pandora’s Box（带来社会**的导火索）

Matrix《黑客帝国》（母体，举证）

Neothe one

God表示上帝 Hisstory 他的故事，上帝的故事He

Trinity圣明（tri==3）

Trinity

Tricycle

Bicucle

Triangle

Triangel

Seraph 炽天使，六翼天使；最高等的天使。

Angel

Arch angel

Lucifer

Adam

Lilith

Twillght of gods

Satan

Edemadam’s apple

Extraordinary

第二篇：GRE词汇课笔记

GRE词汇课笔记ingenious adj 聪明的 ingenuous adj天真的flagrant adj 恶臭的 fragrant adj 芳香的daunt v 使胆怯 gaunt adj高廋的 jaunt v短途旅行 haunt n/adj常去的地方，萦绕于心 flaunt v 炫耀 vaunt v炫耀 taunt v嘲笑

4关于船的一组词：bow船首 gallery船上厨房 hull船壳 halk废壳 ballast 压舱物 rudder船的螺旋桨 stern船尾 hatch船舱口 mast桅杆 ensign舰旗 helm舵 helmsman舵手 deck甲板

5与希腊神话有关的词：chaos混乱 chimera神怪 titanic巨大的 atlas地图集 erotic 性爱的 cupidity贪婪 gorgon丑女 sphinx谜一般的人 iris彩虹 tautalize 逗弄 procrustian强求一致的 debut出次登台 obession迷惑 glutton贪吃

6笑：deride gibe jeer mock scoff sneer taunt嘲笑chuckle小声的笑 chortle大声的笑 guffaw哄堂大笑 simper傻笑 smirk假笑 snicker/snigger窃笑 snort噗嗤一笑 7哭：weep/whimper小哭 wail/wine大哭 howl大哭/大笑

8芳香：aromatic balmy fragrant odoriferous redolednt perfume

9短暂：ephermeral evanescent fleeting momentary meteoric passing temperary transient transitory

10tumor肿瘤 benign良性肿瘤 malignant恶性肿瘤

11长篇指责性演说:diatribe harangue tirade

12辛辣：peppery(中)piquent(褒)pungent(贬)

13教堂系列：niche壁龛< alcove凹室 -----

14小错：foible peccadillo lapseleer(男女):ogle(女男)暗送秋波>--

16讽刺相关物:caricature讽刺画 lampoon讽刺文章 skit讽刺话 doggerel打油诗 limerick 五行打油诗 burlesque滑稽表演pune梅干：plum梅子〉--〈raisn葡萄干：grape葡萄

18逃避：dodge eclude evade shirk sidestep weasel

19挥霍者：profligate prodigal spendthrift wastrel

20狂热者：zealot fanatic votary partisan

21困境:predicament dilemma quandary

22峡谷:gulley< ravine gorge gulch

23小屋：lodge hut stack shanty hovel冰屋：igloo 茅草屋顶:thatch

24黑话：jargon argot cant

25petrify石化 putrify腐烂

26凝结：coagulation congeal clot curdle cuddle拥抱—〉huddle集成一堆—〉hurdle障碍—〉murdle混乱—〉puddle水坑

Hold on!----------YiningYang

27障碍：barricade barrier encumberance hinderance obstacle obstruction impediment 28公开正式废除：abrogate repeal rescind

29废除废弃：abolish annul invalidate nullify negate revoke scrap 30

欺骗：（普通）inveigle swindle gull beguile(陷阱)decay ensnare entrap

(美好结果)allure tempt entice(色诱)seduce debaush

花言巧语：blandishment cajole coax wheedle 32支点：purchase pivot fulcrum

闲逛：amble saunter stroll 胡乱走：ramble meander wander

34伤害：maul/lacerate 撕裂 mutilate切 maim残废 mayhem严重伤害罪 macerate浸软 laminate压薄 lacinate刺 affliction痛苦 agony/anguish极大痛苦 torment痛苦 twinge心灵上的刺痛 traua身心俱痛 travail艰苦劳动/分娩 35拼接图案:mosaic:tile/glass/ceramic sampler:stitch barquet:wood patchwork:cloth 36somniferous催眠 somolent想睡

37组成关系：bone:body/ bracket:shelf /buttress:wall /fraing:building /easel:canvas/girdle:skyscraper/guy:pylon/skeleton:animal/strut:wing/tripod:camera beam木梁girder钢梁

38战斗：skirmish

39bout n回合 lout n粗人 rout v大败 pout v噘嘴 tout v竭力称赞

40粗人：bour(不敏感的)lout（无教养的）churl（粗鲁的）yokel（乡巴佬）41scalpel（解剖刀）:surgeon〉--〈stethoscope(听诊器)：physcian 42

Buck n公鹿，美元v弓背跃起，*反对

43以let为后缀的词：ringlet卷发 droplet小水滴 booklet小册子 piglet小猪 44编排关系：

choreography:dance/plot:story/agenda:meeting/syllabus:course/program:concert/

itinerary:trip(journey)

45围栏：动物 corral:horse /coop:chicken/fold:sheep/pen：pigs 46忠诚：allegiance fealty fidelity loyalty47反对demur:doubt and objection

47粗鲁：impudent impertinent indecorous brazen

48冷淡：apathetic phlegmatic impassive indifferent monochalant stolid

49无精打采：lassitude torpor languor lethargy languid tropid lackadaisical 50

51偷偷：正常

lurk:wait/shadow:follow/steal:take/abscond:depart/eavesdrop:listen/secrete(hoard):store(save)/poach:hunt

52放纵：coddle indulge dote spoil pamper humor

53ruby红宝石 sapphire兰宝石 turquoise绿宝石 emerald祖母绿 jade翡翠 amethyst紫水晶 rhinestone水晶 54事物及柄：

sword:hilt/knife:haft/spear:shaft/pitcher:handle/crank:axle/helve:hatchet

55哲学：ontology本体论 episteology认识论 agnostics不可知论 methodology方法论 metaphysics形而上学 dichotomy二分法

56罪犯：conspirator共谋犯 felon重犯 accomplice同犯 confederate同案犯 abetter教唆犯 principal主犯 accessory从犯

57吝啬：miser stingy skimpy parsimonious penurious tightfisted

58节约：frugal thrifty sparing prudent provident

59花花公子：dandy过分好打扮的人 fop过分注重外表的人 libertine放荡的人 voluptuary沉迷于酒色的人 milksop娘娘腔

漩涡：whirlpool swirl madstorm vortex(大)，eddy（小）61天真:inchoate incipient nascent

63sed前缀：sediment沉淀物 sedate镇静的 sedentary久坐的 sedulous勤勉的 sedative镇静剂

64武断：arrogant haughty iimperious overbearing persumptious pontifical supercilious peremptory surly

65即兴当场：extemporaneous extemporaryimprovised ipromptu offhand unrehearse adlib

66军事相关的词：

入侵：incursion invade aggression 撤退：retreat部队：air force空军 cavalcade骑兵队伍 cavalry骑兵 infantry步兵 artilley炮兵 armada（古）舰队 fleet舰队

军团：regiment legion

大炮：artillery ordnance canon flak(高射)

进攻方式：feint佯攻 foray/raid突袭 assail/assault/onslaught猛攻 战斗：skirish

屠杀：carnage massacre hecatomb holocaust

根据地：foothold 战略：strategy 战术：tactic 狂败：debacle fiasco rout 狂胜：landslide 转折点：watershed 停战协定：armistice truce 67对手：adversary antagonist rival opponent foe(凶)

68味道淡：bland（褒）insipid/vapid(贬)boring(事物)

69郁闷：morose saturnine crestfallen downcast melancholy gloomy dispirited doleful 70天使：cherub seraph

71诽谤：asperse caluminate defame malign libel stingmatize traduce vilify 72吵闹：boisterous clamorous rabunctious rowdy obstreperous vociferous 73狭隘：insular provincial parochial

74虚伪：sanctimonious pharisaic hypocritical hypercritical（吹毛求疵）75水可渗透：passible penetrable permeable pervious porous 76湿透：saturated soaked sodden soggy

77以pel为后缀：dispel驱散（中间向四周）expel逐出 impel内心驱使 compel外界驱使 repel击退,使反感 propel推进

78令人敬畏的: redoubtable awesome formidable 79显著:redoubtable eminent illustrious

80陈腐的:antiquated banal corny threadbare atale trite stereotyped hackneyed老马,雇用文人 platitudinal

81极端厌恶：abhor abominate deterst exercrate loathe>dislike contempt

82偏见：bias factional jaundical partical prejudiced tendentious warped prepossessed 83wax n蜡v上蜡 ,使变大，月盈wane月亏 wax and wane/flow and ebb=vicissitudes盛衰变迁

84无经验的人：A:goosling cub colt greenhorn(动物衍生)B:fledgling stripling sapling（人衍生）85欢乐：froblic frisk gambol rollick 86平静：equanimity tranquility serenity

87根除，摧毁：devastate annihilate deracinate exterminate extirpate eradicate uproot 88做作：affected artifical mannered pretentious stagy stilted strained theatrical studied

89后缀low:callow adj 未成熟的 fallow adj休闲的 gallows n绞刑架 hallow v视为神圣 sallow adj病黄色 wallow v猪在泥水中打滚，沉溺于 90流苏：tassel fringe 91说话圆滑：glib mercurial

93隐士：anchorite recluse solitary hermit

94行李：briefcase handbag purse suitcase trunk rucksack 95猫科动物：cat lion tiger couger leopard lynx

96流氓：hooligan(足球)，miscreant ruffian rogue villain

97stardwarfneutorblackhole bigbane大爆炸 这个过程：内爆implode 反之 explode 98 早和正常：hieroglyphic : word /papyrus : paper / harpsochord : piano / arada : fleet 99 摇晃与正常：flounder : move / stutter : speak / limp : walk 100消毒：cauterize pasteurize fumigate

101各种刑具:guillotine manacle fetter shackle gallows 102veal小牛肉 venial可以原谅 venal唯利是图

103肉：bacon熏肉 pork猪肉 veal小牛肉 beaf牛肉 mutton羊肉 venison鹿肉 fillet鱼肉 carrion腐肉 scavenger食腐动物

104深奥:abstruse convoluted erudite obscure profound recondite inscrutable

105夸系列：女：seraphic >gorgeous>sexy,hot>bautiful>pretty>got sth有气质>adorable可爱的男：handsome>pretty>aesthetically challenged 106九大行星：

108大口喝：guzzle quaff swill potation

109冥界两条河：lehelethargic昏睡的styxstygian黑暗的110碎片与完整：filing:metal/ shard:pottery/shaving(sawdust):wood/fragment:bone/crumb:bread 111法庭与法律系列:court(room)法庭 lectern审判席 法官:judge magistrate justice 证人: witness 伪证：perjury证词：testimony 陪审团：jury 宣判：verdictguilty 有罪 innocent无罪 defend被告 respondent被告（婚姻）corespondent第三者 plantiff原告 suitor原告（婚姻）prosecute公诉 accuse控告 plead辩护 prosecuter公诉人 litigant诉讼当事人（原+ 被）conviction定罪 sentence量刑 precedence先例法 tribunal裁判所113怒：rant glower fume

114gay+lesbion=homosexual

115淫棍：bawdy lascivious lecherous libidinous licentious lewd lubricious prurient salacious 116群：pack:wolf /pride:lions/swarm:ants(bees)/gaggle:geese/school(shool):fish

117新手:neophyte novice rookie tyre

118裁判:referee(大球)，umpire(小球)119大师：mastro（音乐），virtuoso(艺术)，guru(宗教)savant(知识)120小贩：hawker huckster peddler vendor 121间歇与正常:

interregium:governmenthibernation:activitytruce:warfareintermission:performance 122褶皱:物 pleat:curtain hem:garment olding:cabinet ruffle:shirt

第三篇：新东方笔记总结语法+词汇

第1课

如果想达到85分以上，词汇应该错6个以内。

Jump for the sun, at least you land on the moon.目标定的高一点有好处。

4200单词要求对于4级考试，高三毕业是1800个单词。

我喜欢这里： I like here.Right: I like it here.I can succeed.Right: I can do it.I can make it.注意生活中的英语： Nike胜利女神。Just do it.生活中的英语： Did you have a pleasant journey?(这时要用降调)

I am very much frightened because a girl named Monika stands beside me.Oh, thank god!He’s not the president now.(我很害怕)I was just screwed up.(我一团糟)四级考试中常见的考察词汇的题型：

I 押韵题型（押头韵、押尾韵）；

答案总在相似中，如果有三个一样，基本上就在其中了。

54.The rain was heavy and _A_ the land was flooded.A consequently B continuously C constantly D consistently

continue v.继续，连续； continually adv.时断时续地； continuously adv.连续不断地。

说不停的咳嗽时，continually是间歇的时断时续的咳嗽，continuously是一直不停的咳嗽。

consequently adv.因此，所以；(heavy rain大雨, light rain小雨)constantly adv.始终如一地，连续发生地；constant temperature 恒温

consistently adv.一贯地，一致地； consistent adj.consistent policy 一贯的政策。

36.I hate people who _C_ the end of a film that you haven't seen before.A revise B rewrite C reveal D reverse

rewrite v.重写，改写； revise vt.修改，修正； reveal vt.揭示，揭露；

reverse vt.颠倒，使反转，使反向。(vers是词根，表示转动；re是前缀，表示向相反方向)42.There were no tickets _D_ for Friday’s performance.A preferable B considerable C possible D available

performance n.表演，演出，演奏； perform vt.possible adj.可能的

动词后加able构成形容词通常表示“可…的” read-> readable accept-> acceptable consider vt.考虑； considerable adj.(数量或尺寸)相当大(或多)的。

preferable adj.更好的，更可取的；

available* adj.可获得的，可利用的，可支配的。(重点词)

33.In general, the amount that a student spends for housing should be held to one-fifth of the total _D_ for living expenses.A acceptable B applicable C advisable D available living expenses 生活费； acceptable adj.可接受的；

apply vt.申请，应用； applicable adj.可应用的，适当的，合适的；

advise vt.建议； advice n.建议； advisable adj.明智的，可取的。

54.It is our _A_ policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means.A consistent B continuous C considerate D continual

achieve unity through peaceful means 通过和平手段取得统一； consistent policy 一贯政策

II 构词法题型(词的转化，合成，派生)；

构成符合形容词的名词和数量词一律用单数。(见下面2个例题)

31.Despite the wonderful acting and well-developed plot the _B_ movie could not hold our 1 attention.A three-hours B three-hour C three-hours’ D three-hour’s 267.Professor White wrote a _C_ report yesterday.A two-thousand-words B two-thousands-word C two-thousand-word D two-thousands-words

以ly结尾的不全是副词； friendly, lonely, lovely, likely, lively adj.考试中常见的否定前缀： un-、dis-、in-、im-

56._B_ his sister, Jack is quiet and does not easily make friends with others.A Dislike B Unlike C Alike D Liking

like vt.喜欢； dislike vt.不喜欢，厌恶； unlike prep.不象…；

alike adj.& adv.同样的(地)，相象的(地)； liking n.爱好，嗜好；

take a liking for喜欢…，对…产生好感。

III近义词含义比较；

44.There were some _A_ flowers on the table.A artificial B unnatural C false D unreal

unreal adj.不真实的(不是真实世界所拥有的，虚幻的)； Ends justify means 不择手段；

false adj.具有欺骗性的，假的，伪造的； false coin/passport/hair，a false tooth/false teeth unnatural adj.不自然的，经常用来修饰人的行为举止，表示做作的，矫揉造作的。

artificial adj.人造人为的 artificial leg 假肢artificial leather 人造皮 genuine leather 真皮

54.When people become unemployed, it is _C_ which is often worse than lack of wages.A laziness B poverty C idleness D inability

laziness n.懒惰； poverty n.贫穷； poor adj.贫穷的；

idleness n.无事可做(中性，有时也有贬义含义)； inability n.没有能力，没有办法。

69.A lot of ants are always invading my kitchen.They are a thorough _A_.A nuisance B trouble C worry D anxiety

invade 进攻，侵略； nuisance n.(具体的)令人讨厌的东西； trouble n.烦恼，麻烦，问题；

worry n.担心，发愁； anxiety n.焦虑。What a nuisance.真是烦。

IV 搭配关系问题；

extent n.程度； to...extent 到达…程度，在…程度之上； extent 只能和to搭配。

object vi.反对； object + to + 动名词（动词的ing形式）。

objection n.反对； objection + to + 动名词（动词的ing形式）。

V 形相近，意相远；

65.In Britain, the best season of the year is probably _A_ spring.A late B last C latter D later

late adj.晚的，晚于通常时间的； late spring 晚春、暮春； last adj.最后的，最终的；

later adj.更晚的（late的比较级）、时间概念后一半的；只适用于表示某个世纪的后半期；

The later twentieth century.二十世纪的后一半。

latter adj.（两者中）后者的； former adj.（两者中）前者的；

59.Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderful _B_ in the market.A batteries B bargains C baskets D barrels

battery n.电池； bargain n.特价商品； It’s really a bargain.你真会买东西，不是说真便宜。

basket n.篮子； barrel n.桶； wonderful bargain 物美价廉的商品；bargain v.讨价还价；

53.Remember that customers don’t _D_ about prices in that city.2 A debate B consult C dispute D bargain-------------------------XXXX-XX-------------------------

41.The bridge was named _A_ the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.A after B with C by D from

cause 事业； be named after 以…的名字命名；

42.There were no tickets _D_ for Friday’s performance.A preferable B considerable C possible D available preferable adj.更好的，更可取的；

358._C_ the Revolutionary War, the United States was an English colony.A Inferior to B Superior to C Prior to D Preferable to

具有比较意味的形容词只要与介词to搭配即可表示其比较级。super-表示在…上方，超过… inferior adj.低于…的，劣于…的； superior adj.高于…的，优于…的； prior adj.在…之前的Revolutionary War 特指美国独立战争；second adj.第二的（含有比较意味，也与to搭配）

He is second to none.首屈一指，无与伦比；

30.Cancer is second only _B_ heart disease as a cause of death.A of B to C with D from

43.It wasn't such a good dinner _C_ she had promised us.A that B which C as D what

such … that … 如此… 以至于… ； sb + be + ___ + sth 空格处应为能加双宾语的动词；

加双宾语的动词的用法：动词 + sb + sth（主动形式）； sb + be + pp + sth（被动形式）；

59.American women were _D_ the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard struggle.[the right to vote 选举权]

A ignored B neglected C refused D denied deny v.否认，拒绝；deny sb sth 拒绝给予某人某物；

44.They decided to chase the cow away _C_ it did more damage.A unless B until C before D although

45._B_ student with a little common sense should be able to answer the question.A Each B Any C Either D One

common sense 常识； each 这个词在英语中强调的是个体与众不同的特点；

any 这个词强调的是很多东西在一起的共性； either 两者之间任何一个；

31.The medicine is on sale everywhere.You can get it at _C_ chemist’s.A each B some C any D certain

46.All _D_ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.A what is needed B for our needs C the thing needed D that is needed

当all作定语从句的先行词时，从句只能用that来引导； all that = what

47._A_ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.A When compared B Compare C While comparing D Comparing

本题的关键是弄清compare与mountain的关系； when 可以直接加过去分词；

before(after)+ being + 过去分词；

44.After _A_ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.A being interviewed B interviewed C interviewing D having interviewed They lose their health to make money, and they lose their money to restore health.48._C_ she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.[专家] A That was from Stephen B It was Stephen whom

C It was from Stephen that D It was Stephen that

本题重点是强调句式； 当被强调部分指人且在句子中作宾语时，其余部分可用whom引导；

49.If these shoes are too big, ask the clerk to bring you a smaller _D_.A suit B set C one D pair

50.Many new _A_ will be opened up in the future for those with a university education.A opportunities B necessities C realities D probabilities 51.He must have had an accident, or he _A_ then.A would have been here B had to be here C should be here D would be here must have + 过去分词 表示对过去行为的肯定推测；

与过去事态相反用：情态动词 + have + 过去分词 来体现虚拟语气；

must 一定，必须； needn't, don't have to 不必；

53.You _A_ all those calculations!We have a computer to do that sort of thing.A needn’t have done B must not have done C shouldn’t have done D can not have done

should have + 过去分词 本应该，本应当； shouldn't have done本不应该，本不应当；

44.It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you _D_ it.A mustn’t have done B wouldn’t have done C mightn’t have done D didn’t have to do

52.It was essential that the applications forms _C_ back before the deadline.A must be sent B would be sent C be sent D were sent

It be essential that 后面一定用虚拟语气，且句子谓语动词固定为(should)+ 动词原型；

It was essential that the applications forms send back before the deadline.53.We _D_ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.A just have had B have just had C just had D had just had when 还可以表示①刚..就…（有动作先后关系）、②恰在此时；

44.I had just started back for the house to change my clothes _D_ I heard voices.A as B while C after D when

45.I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, _C_ something occurred which attracted my attention.A unless B until C when D while

46.It was essential that these application forms _D_ back as early as possible.A must be sent B will be sent C are sent D be sent

第2课

非谓语动词与独立主格：短语，句子（或者句子，短语）

1.当短语部分有独立主语，并且该主语不同于句子主语，这时短语结构称为独立主格。（它最明显的特点是短语部分有独立的主语）。

独立主格的结构1：名词（代词）+ 分词 [现在分词、过去分词]

现在分词表示主动的，正在进行的行为；过去分词表示被动的，已经完成的行为。作题时要通过判断动作与名词（代词）之间的关系来确定是使用现在分词还是过去分词。当动作由名词（代词）发出时使用现在分词，而名词（代词）是受动者时则用过去分词。

54.Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _B_ it closely.A followed B following C to follow D being followed

49.All things _A_, the planned trip will have to be called off.A considered B be considered C considering D having considered

call off 取消； cancel vt.取消； 四级中的考点就是现在分词和过去分词的区别。

独立主格的结构2：with + 名词（代词）+ 分词 [句子当中作状语]

36.After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _C_ to go to school.A to be encouraged B been encouraged C being encouraged D be encouraged as well as 和（相当于and）； be encouraged不会考。

动词不定式有预示将来行为的含义。to be encouraged 将要被鼓励；

been encouraged 已经被鼓励完了，与主句的谓语动词相对；being encouraged 正在被鼓励

2.短语部分没有独立主语，则短语结构称为非谓语动词。

非谓语动词的结构：分词（分词短语）

句子的主语决定非谓语动词中的分词是用主动还是被动形式。如果是句子的主语发出动作，则使用现在分词；如果动作不是由句子的主语发出，则使用过去分词。

43.No matter how frequently _A_, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed perform vt.表演，演出，演奏；

to be performed 将要被演奏； being performed 正在被演奏；

一些特殊的动词：

第一点：forget 忘记； [反义] remember 记得；

这两个词后加动词不定式表示将要进行的行为；这两个词后加动词ing形式表示已经做过的事情。

注意：动名词与现在分词形式一样，但含义不同。这两个词后加动词ing形式都是动名词。

forget to do sth.忘记要去做某事； forget doing sth.忘记做过某事；

remember to do sth.记得要去做某事； remember doing sth.记得做过某事；

62.I remember _B_ to help us if we ever got into trouble.A once offering B him once offering C him to offer D to offer him offer vt.提出，提供； offer sb.sth./ offer to do sth.him once offering 如果改成 his once offering 也正确。

动名词的复合结构：凡是一个动词的后面可以加动名词，就可以加动名词的复合结构。

动作发出者 + 动名词；当动作发出者名字给出时：名词所有格 + 动名词；当动名词的复合结构在文章中出现，且动作发出者在前文中提过时：形容词物主代词（宾格）+ 动名词。

形容词物主代词：his, her, my, your, their, our。代词宾格：him, her, me, you, us, them。

第二点：want 想要； want to do sth.想做某事； want doing 客观需要或缺乏。

48.Your hair wants _B_.You'd better have it done tomorrow.A cut B cutting C to cut D being cut 注意：want doing 中doing表示的是被动含义。

18.This room is so dirty that it wants _A_.A cleaning B to clean C being cleaned D cleaned

第三点：mean 意味； mean to do sth.打算做某事，意欲… ；mean doing 意味着，…的意思是…

25.There's a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _B_ trouble.[reception desk 接待台]

A making B to make C to have made D having made

5-------------------------XXXX-XX-------------------------55.The children went there to watch the iron tower _D_.A to erect B be erected C erecting D being erected watch 看电视用，看比赛用； see 看电影用；

感官动词watch, see, hear； 感官动词 + 名词（代词）+ do

be erected 强调的是动作的结果； being erected 强调的是动作的过程。

56.The engine _D_ smoke and steam.A gives up B gives in C gives away D gives off

give up 放弃； give in 屈服，让步； give off 释放，放出（烟和气体）；

give away 泄露，走漏风声；婚礼中新郎的父亲把新娘的手交给新郎的过程；赠送礼品。

57.The manager promised to keep me _C_ of how our business was going on.A to be informed B on informing C informed D informing

keep sb.+ 分词； inform v.通知，告知； inform sb.of sth.通知某人某件事情

keep me informed 使我被告知。

60.The goals _B_ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.A after which B for which C with which D at which

fight with sb.（注意要看整个句子）； fight with + 工具 用该工具来打仗。fight for 为…而战。

I fight with him.我和他打起来了。I fight with him against her.我和他并肩对付她。

61.I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and _B_ in a quiet neighborhood.A all in all B above all C after all D over all

all in all 总而言之；above all 首先，尤其是；after all 毕竟，终究；overall 全面的，总体的in a word 总之，in short 简而言之，in conclusion 最后，总之，to sum up总之，总而言之。

62._B_ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.A For now B Now that C Ever since D By now

now that 既然，由于（相当于since）； ever since 自从…以来。

与that搭配且后面可以加句子的几个表达形式：

now that 既然，由于； in that 因为； except that 除…之外。

except后面加名词或代词；except that后面加句子。

63.What you have done is _D_ the doctor’s orders.A attached to B responsible to C resistant to D contrary to

be attached to 连接，附属； This school is attached to Beida.这所学校附属于北大。

responsible to 对…负有责任； resistant adj.反抗的，抵抗的； water resistant 防水的。

be contrary to 与..相反（相违背）。

64.John regretted _A_ to the meeting last week.A not going B not to go C not having been going D not to be going

regret doing 后悔做过某事； regret to do sth.遗憾的做某事（应用语境非常有限）。

63.We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are _B_.A out of work B out of stock C out of reach D out of practice

out of work 失业； out of reach 够不着 within reach 够得着； out of practice 缺乏练习。

65.They _C_ in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.A carried out B carried off C carried on D carried forward in spite of 尽管； carry on 坚持，继续。

66.Mrs.Brown is supposed _A_ for Italy last week.A to have left B to be leaving C to leave D to have been left

be supposed to do sth.应该（理应）做某事。

37.He’s watching TV? He’s _D_ to be cleaning his room.A known B considered C regarded D supposed regard as 把…认作

67.My camera can be _B_ to take pictures in cloudy or sunny conditions.A treated B adjusted C adopted D remedied

treat 对待，处理； I’ll treat you.我请客，应用于真正请客之前。It’s on me.应用于结帐时。

adjust vt.调整，调节； adopt vt.收养，领养； remedy vt.弥补，补救，修正；

68.A new technique _C_, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.A working out B having worked out

C having been worked out D to have been worded out yields 产量； work out 作出，推出

关于百分数之前介词的用法

increase to 80 percent 增加到80%（增加到用to）

increase by 60 percent增加了60%（表示增加的幅度用by）

55.Between 1974 and 1997, the number of overseas visitors expanded _A_ 27%.A by B for C to D in

69.Children who are over-protected by their parents may become _C_.A hurt B damaged C spoiled D harmed spoil vt.宠坏，溺爱

70.When Mr.Jones gets old, he will _B_ over his business to his son.A take B hand C think D get

take over 接管接收； hand over 移交，交出； think over 仔细考虑； get over 克服，战胜。

-------------------------1991-06-------------------------

41.We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let’s have _A_ one this month.A another B more C the other D other

不定代词：1 两者中的一个用one；另一个则用the other； 2 很多东西中的一个用one；

剩下的所有叫the others； 3 很多东西中的一个用one；剩下的所有里面再拿一个叫another；

在剩下的里面再拿一个还叫another（单数概念）； 4 很多东西中拿了若干出来用some；

剩下所有叫others； other 后通常要加可数名词的复数形式； more 要用在数词的后面

once more 再来一个（用于很不正式的场合）vravo 再来一个（用于正式场合）

44.No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to _A_.A the other B any other C another D other neither 两者中任意一者都不

42.It was difficult to guess what her _B_ to the news would be.A impression B reaction C comment D opinion reaction n.反应； reaction to 对…作出反应。

43.I decided to go to the library as soon as I _D_.A finish what I did B finished what I did

C would finish what I was doing D finished what I was doing

as soon as所引导的时间状语从句与主句的时态搭配有一种情况是主从句都用一般过去时。

45.We are interested in the weather because it _B_ us so directly what we wear, what we do, and even how we feel.A benefits B affects C guides D effects

affect vt.影响； effect n.影响。

46.Will all those _D_ the proposal raise their hands?

A in relation to B in contrast to C in excess of D in favor of in relation to 与…相比； in contrast to 与…形成对照；

in excess of 超过，超出（一定的限定范围）； in favor of 赞同，支持。

47.Children are very curious _D_.A at heart B in person C on purpose D by nature

at heart 在心理，在内心； heart 强调的是内心的感情，mind 强调的是思维，头脑，soul 灵魂

in person 亲自，本人； on purpose 有意的，故意的； by nature 生性（天性）使然。

48.The match was cancelled because most of the members _A_ a match without a standard court.A objected to having B were objected to have C objected to have D were objected to having

58.The man in the corner confessed to _B_ a lie to the manager of the company.A have told B having told C being told D be told confess v.忏悔； confess to 承认，坦白。

49.The teacher doesn’t permit _C_ in class.A smoke B to smoke C smoking D to have a smoke

permit v.允许，准许； permit sb.to do sth.允许某人做某事； permit doing 允许做某事。

-------------------------2000-06-------------------------

21.As we can no longer wait for the delivery of our order, we have to _D_ it.A postpone B refuse C delay D cancel

22.These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you _A_ you need.A all the information B all the informations C all of information D all of the informations

23.Not until the game had begun _C_ at the sports ground.A had he arrived B would he have arrived C did he arrive D should he have arrived 24.Young people are not _B_ to stand and look at works of art;they want art they can participate in.[参与，参加]

A conservative B content C confident D generous

conservative adj.保守的； conservative party 保守党； content adj.甘愿的，满足的；

confident adj.自信的，有信心的； generous adj.慷慨的，大方的。

25.Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairly criticized and argue that the power of the medium is _C_.A granted B implied C exaggerated D remedied

maintain 坚持认为； medium n.媒体单数，media n.媒体复数；

grant vt.授予，给予； imply vt.隐含，暗示； exaggerate v.夸大，夸张，高估；

remedy vt.弥补，补救，修正。

26.These surveys indicate that many crimes go _A_ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.[victims 受害人]

A unrecorded B to be unrecorded C unrecording D to have been unrecorded 27.I have no objection _B_ your story again.[object to + 动名词] A to hear B to hearing C to having heard D to have heard

28.The clothes a person wears may express his _B_ or social position.A curiosity B status C determination D significance status n.身份，地位； significance n.意义，重要性；

29.By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have _D_ opportunity to change his mind.A accurate B urgent C excessive D adequate

accurate adj.精确的； urgent adj.紧急的，紧迫的； excessive adj.过多的，过度的；

adequate adj.充足的，足够的。

30.You will see this product _B_ wherever you go.A to be advertised B advertised C advertise D advertising

31.The early pioneers had to _C_ many hardships to settle on the new land.A go along with B go back on C go through D go into go through 经历

32.The suggestion that the major _B_ the prizes was accepted by everyone.A would present B present C presents D ought to present

suggestion, suggest 所引导的句子都用虚拟语气。should +（动词原形）

34.Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested _B_ at the next town.A to stop B stopping C stop D having stopped suggest + doing也可以

33.Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _A_ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.A whose B which C that D what whose指代的就是他前面的male drinkers.35.I didn't know the word.I had to _C_ a dictionary.A look out B make out C refer to D go over

look up 查阅； look up a word in a dictionary 在字典中查单词；

reference n.参考书目； reference room 资料室；

36.The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _D_ his arguments in favour of the new theory.[sufficient 充足的，足够的；grounds 论据；arguments 论点] A to be based on B to base on C which to base on D on which to base

base vt.以…作基础，基于… which引导从句时，如果从句是介词结尾则介词应在which之前。

on which(he is)to base

37.There are signs _A_ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.A that B which C in which D whose

sign n.迹象； fact n.事实； evidence n.证据；后面常加同位语从句来说明具体内容。

同位语从句用that（不能省略）引导。

38.I think I was at school, _A_ I was staying with a friend during the vacation when I heard the news.[or else 否则，要不然]

A or else B and then C or so D even so

39.It is said that the math teacher seems _A_ towards bright students.A partial B beneficial C preferable D liable

partial adj.偏袒的，偏爱的（经常与to或towards搭配）

40.In order to show his boss what a careful worker he was, he took _C_ trouble over the figures.[figures 数目，数据；extra 额外的，附加的]

A extensive B spare C extra D supreme

41.“I'm sorry.Mr.Williams _A_ to a conference long before then.” A will have gone B had gone C would have gone D has gone

当要表达将来的行为在将来的某时间之前完成用将来完成时，将来完成时结构：will have + p.p.42.You _D_ him so closely;you should have kept your distance.A shouldn't follow B mustn't follow

C couldn't' have been following D shouldn't have been following should have + p.p.本应该； shouldn’t have + p.p.本不应该

43.The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _D_ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.A have allowed B allow C allowing D allows

part-time 兼职； full-time 全职； flexible working patterns 弹性工作制； training 培训；

retraining 再培训； take advantage 利用；

44.Everybody _A_ in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary.A assembled B accumulated C piled D joined assembled 聚集； secretary 书记。

45.Putting in a new window will _B_ cutting away part of the roof.A include B involve C contain D comprise involve 引起，与…直接有关

46.Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _C_ obtaining fresh water is not the least.[the least 最高级]

A with which B for which C of which D which

42.Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _C_ obtaining water is not the least.[the least 最高级]

A for which B to which C of which D in which

47.In the _C_ of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to million.[in the event of 万一，如果]

A face B time C event D course

in the face of 面对； in the time of 在…时期； in the course of 在…期间。

48.The manager would rather his daughter _D_ in the same office.A had not worked B not to work C does not work D did not work

would rather + 动词原形； would rather + 句子（用虚拟语气，句子谓语动词用一般过去时）

49._D_, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.A Although much he likes her B Much although he likes her C As he likes her much D Much as he likes her

如果用although引导则应改成：Although he likes her very much, …

50.The British constitution is _B_ a large extent a product of the historical events described above.[无论是在空格前还是后，如果出现了名词extent要找介词就着to] A within B to C by D at to a large extent 在很大程度上。

第3课

倒装：倒装有全部倒装和部分倒装。

谓语部分所有单词都放在主语前是全部倒装。谓语的一部分放在主语的前面是部分倒装。

谓语中的一部分通常是指：

1、系动词；

2、助动词；

3、情态动词。

全部倒装的五条原则：

1.There be句型（表示有）；

2.以There或now开头的句子，且句子谓语动词为come或go；

There you go again.你又去那里了。

3.以Here开头的句子，且句子谓语动词为系动词be； Here you are.拿去。

4.以副词out, in, up, down, away开头的句子；

在2、3、4前提下，如果句子的主语是代词则用陈述句语序。

5.以状语（常见的是地点状语）开头的句子。

部分倒装的六条原则：

1.so放在句首时表示承前肯定，这个句子用部分倒装；

nor, neither放在句首时表示承前否定，句子也用部分倒装；

2.省略了引导词if 的虚拟条件从句，可以把从句中的had, should, could, were中的任何一个提到从句最前面的位置，构成部分倒装；

3.as, though表示“尽管”时引导从句，从句中的表语可以置于引导词之前构成部分倒装；

系动词后面的部分就是表语，形容词、名词、名词性短语可以置于系动词之后。

例如：She is beautiful.They are students.四级考试中出现的是由动词的过去分词转变的形容词作表语的形式。

26._B_ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.A Being published B Published C Publishing D To be published

当题干是as引导一个从句，且as前为一个空格时他表示的就是尽管，空格处要填的就是表语。

being published 正在被出版； to be published 将要被出版。

此句恢复正常语序应为： As it was published at such a time … 4.表示否定含义的单词或短语放在句首，句子用部分倒装；

常见的一些表示否定含义的单词：never, little, few, hardly(… when), scarcely(… when)；

seldom 难得，不常；nowhere 哪里都不。

常见的一些表示否定含义的短语：in no way 决不； on no account 决不；

under no circumstances 在任何情况下都不。

5.only + 状语放在句首，句子用部分倒装；（如果only去掉就是全部倒装）

43.Only under special circumstances _C_ to take make-up tests.A permitted are freshmen B freshmen are permitted C are freshmen permitted D are permitted freshmen

freshmen 新生； make up for 弥补，补偿； make-up tests 补考（缓考）。

6.注意两个表达形式：come what may 无论发生什么情况； say what you will 畅所欲言。

-------------------------1991-06-------------------------强调句式的补充内容：被强调部分是疑问词时的情况。

60.When I try to understand _C_ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.A why it does B what it does C what it is D why it is prevent sb.from doing sth.妨碍（阻止）某人做某事。

强调部分本为： it is what that prevents so many …

又因为句中有疑问词，应写为： what is it that prevents so...11 但强调句式在句中作宾语成分，故正确写法为： what it is that … 50.I like watching TV _C_ to the cinema.A more than to go B than going C more than going D rather than to go

than 除构成固定短语外就要与比较级搭配，不会单独出现； rather than + 动词原形；

平行结构，遇到平行结构时应做的两步： 找出连接词，2 使要填部分与已给出的对应部分形式完全一样。

51.I appreciate _D_ to your home.A to be invited B to have invited C having invited D being invited appreciate + 动名词（不能加动词原形，不能加句子）。

41.I would appreciate _B_ it a secret.A you to keep B your keeping C that you keep D that you will keep your keeping 动名词的复合结构。you keeping 也是正确的。

52.I hope my teacher will take my recent illness into _C_ when judging my examination.A regard B counting C account D observation take sth.into account 考虑。

54.Important people don’t often have much free time as their work _C_ all their time.A take away B take over C take up [占据] D take in

55.When I was very young, I was terribly frightened of school, but I soon ___ it.A got off B got across C got away D got over got over it 克服战胜。

56.Many people complain of the rapid _C_ of modern life.A rate B speed C pace D growth

pace 节奏； rapid pace of modern life现在生活快节奏。

57.San Francisco is usually cool in the summer, but Los Angeles _B_.A is rarely B rarely is C hardly is D is scarcely

rarely, usually 都是频度副词。通常频度副词的位置在系动词之后，表示实在意思的词前面。

58.The speaker, _D_ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience.A having known B being known C knowing D known

know 没有现在分词；know 用主动形式时只能和两个介词搭配：of, about。

known for 以…而著名。

60.I couldn’t find _A_, and so I took this one.A a large enough coat B an enough large coat C a large coat enough D a coat enough large enough 修饰形容词时要放到形容词后面。

61.I always _B_ what I have said.A get to B hold to C lead to D see to

本题所有选项中的to都是介词，其后加动词动名词的形式。

hold to 坚守，信守； see to 负责做，处理，照料（后面加的都是某件事情，不加人）

62.No sooner had we reached the top of the hill _C_ we all sat down to rest.A when B then C than D until no sooner … than 一…就…

63.Evidence came up _C_ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.A what B which C that D whose

evidence 证据、sign 迹象、fact 事实，后面都要带同位语从句，且从句用that引导。

64.He moved away from his parents, and missed them _A_ enjoy the exciting life in New York.[too … to，太…而不能…]

A too much to B enough to C very much to D much so as to 65.He was _C_ of having asked such a silly question.A sorry B guilty C ashamed D miserable

guilty adj.有罪的； be ashamed of 因…而羞愧（不好意思）的； miserable adj.悲惨的。

66.The last time we had a family reunion was _B_ my brother's wedding ceremony four years ago.A in B at C during D over

ceremony n.典礼，仪式。要表达在某典礼（仪式）上用介词at。

at the graduation ceremony 在毕业典礼上。

67.What _A_ would happen if the director knew you felt that way?

A do you suppose B you suppose C will you suppose D you would suppose do you supposed 常做插入语。

68._D_ the advances of science, the discomforts of old age will no doubt always be with us.[despite prep.尽管； as for 关于，至于] A As for B Besides C Except D Despite

69.How close parents are to their children _B_ a strong influence on the character of the children.A have B has C having D to have

influence on 对…造成影响，很大的影响中形容词用的是strong。

70.He _A_ when the bus came to a sudden stop.A was almost hurt B was hurt himself C was to hurt himself D was hurting himself hurt oneself 自残； be to + 动词原形，将要做某事；

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41.Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _C_ for her examination.A to prepare B to be prepared C preparing D being prepared be busy doing sth.忙于做某事

42.Five minutes earlier, _A_ we could have caught the last train.A and B but C or D an order

and 在这里表示一种结果，翻译成“那么（和）”。只有两种情况下and才会这样翻译：

1.省略句 ＋ and + 句子； 2.祈使句 ＋ and + 句子。

47.Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _B_ advertisements showing happy balanced families.A are often seeing B will often see C often see D have often seen

43.I cannot give you _D_ for the type of car you sell because there is no demand for it in the market.A an expense B a charge C a purchase D an order order n.定购，订单； purchase n.购买。

45.By the end of this month, we surely _C_ a satisfactory solution to the problem.A have found B will be finding C will have found D are finding 如果一个句子的时间状语是由by引导的，则时态要选择完成时态。

将来的行为在将来的某个时间之前就已完成用将来完成时。

solution to a problem 一个问题的解决方案。

46.Mr.Wilson said that he did not want to _A_ any further responsibilities.A take on B get on C put up D look up take on 承担； take on responsibility 承担责任。

47.Having no money but _B_ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.A not to want anyone B not wanting anyone C wanted no one D to want no one dinner n.正餐（多指晚餐）； supper n.夜宵，晚餐； breakfast n.早餐； lunch n.午餐；

brunch n.早午餐。[but前后的句子要平衡]

48.We desire that the tour leader _A_ us immediately of any change in plans.A inform B informs C informed D has informed

desire v.要求，表要求时后面加句子要用虚拟语气，(should)+ 动词原形。

其他同样用法的词还有ask, demand, request, require.49.Not _B_, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture.A obviously B surprisingly C particularly D normally not surprisingly 一点也不奇怪。vary vi.变化。

vary from … to … 从一种形式变化到另一种形式。vary between … and … 在两者之间进行变化。

29.Features such as height, weight, and skin color _B_ from inpidual to inpidual and from face to face.A change B vary C alter D convert

inpidual n.个人，个体； inpidualism n.个人主义。

44.The hope, goals, fears and desires _D_ widely between men and women, between the rich and the poor.A alter B shift C transfer D vary

50.A man escaped from the prison last night.It was a long time _A_ the guards discovered what had happened.A before B until C since D when

It + 系动词 + 一段时间 + before引导的句子 在…之前花费多少时间。

54.Scientists say it may be five or ten years _D_ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.A since B when C after D before

51.In the experiment we kept a watchful eye _D_ the developments and recorded every detail.[keep a watchful eye on 密切主意，留神] A in B at C for D on

52.There's little chance that mankind would _D_ a nuclear war.A retain B endure C maintain D survive

retain vt.保持，保留； endure v.忍受； maintain vt.维持，保持，坚持认为；

survive vi.生存； vt.活过 …（宾语为某种灾难）。survive a flood 活过一场洪水。

前缀sur表示过 …，外，超； vive 表示生活，强调活着。

54.They usually have less money at the end of the month than _C_ at the beginning.A which is B which was C they have D it is

less … than句子前后要平衡结构。

55.In the course of a day students do far more than just _A_ classes.14 A attend B attended C to attend D attending

far more than 远远多于，远不止于；也要句子前后平衡结构。

56.The French pianist [n.钢琴师] who had been praised very highly _C_ to be a great disappointment.A turned up B turned in C turned out D turned down

turn up 后面不加宾语表示出现，后面加宾语表示将声音调高，调大；

turn in + 宾语 上缴，交出； turn down 将声音调低，调小；拒绝；

refuse sb.指直接的回绝； turn sb.down 则指委婉的拒绝；

turn out + 动词不定式 最终证明是，结果是。

57.Many difficulties have _B_ as a result of the change over to a new type of fuel.A risen B arisen C raised D arrived

因本句未加宾语，估不应选不及物动词，可排除C项； arrive vi.到达，抵达；

rise vi.升起，升高（侧重指旗帜或太阳升起）；数量的增高（侧重指水位、价位）；

the sun rises in the east and sets in the west 太阳东升西落。

arise vi.升起，升高，出现，发生（经常与抽象名词联用）。

69.A completely new situation will _B_ when the examination system comes into existence.A arise B rise C raise D arouse

33.Last year the advertising rate _D_ by 20 percent.A raised B aroused C arose D rose

58.He made such a _D_ contribution to the university that they are naming one of the new buildings after him.A genuine B minimum C modest D generous

name after 以…的名字来命名。genuine adj.真正的，货真价实的； genuine leather 真皮；

minimum adj.最低的，最小的； modest adj.谦虚谨慎的，适度的；

generous adj.慷慨的，慷慨大方的（修饰贡献等用这个）。

59.Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, _D_, of course, made the others jealous.A who B that C what D which

which在这里是引导非限定性定语从句，which引导非限定性定语从句有2个特点：

1.which前面有逗号与其他句子分开。2.which指的是前面整句话的内容。

as也可以引导非限定性定语从句，指的都是一句话的内容。

which指一句话的内容只能置于该句之后，而as既可以在后也可以在前。

67._C_ is known to the world, Mark Twain is great American writer.A That B Which C As D It

60.In the advanced course students must take performance tests at monthly _B_.A gaps B intervals C length D distance

interval n.间隔（即可指空间间隔，也可指时间间隔），四级考试中专考时间间隔的概念。

interval是固定与介词at搭配的。

23.Students or teachers can participate in excursions to lovely beaches around the island at regular _D_.A gaps B rate C length D intervals

at regular rate 以规则的速度； at regular interval 以规则的时间间隔；

61.Mr.Johnson preferred _A_ heavier work to do.A to be given B to be giving C to have given D having given

64.Our company decided to _D_ the contract because a number of the conditions in it had not been met.A destroy B resist C assume D cancel 65.She is _C_ a musician than her brother.A much of B much as C more of D more as be of 具有某种性质、品质或特点；

66.Having been found guilty, the man was given a severe _B_ by the judge.A service B sentence C crime D crisis

sentence n.判决，判刑； crisis n.危机； economic crisis 经济危机；

68.The residents, _C_ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.A all their homes B all whose homes C all of whose homes D all of their homes 当给出了句子的主语，且后面有两部分谓语动词，这两部分谓语动词之间又没有连接词，时态也不同时，离主语近的谓语动词应为从句的组合成分。

69.You can't afford to let the situation get worse.You must take _D_ to put it right.A decisions B directions C sides D steps

take steps 采取措施，采取行动； take measures 采取措施；

70.Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I _B_ your advice.A follow B had followed C would follow D have followed if only 如果，要是...就好了，其后面的句子一定要用虚拟语气。

1.如果if only后面的句子表示与现在或将来的事实相反，这时谓语动词用一般过去时体现虚拟语气。

2.如果if only后面的句子表示与过去的事实相反，这时谓语动词用过去完成时体现虚拟语气。

47.If only the committee _D_ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible A approve B will approve C can approve D would approve

如果if only后面的句子表示与现在或将来的事实相反，这时谓语动词用一般过去时，也可以用would + 动词原形。

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42.Mark often attempts to escape _C_ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A having been fined B to have been fined C being fined B to be fined escape + 动名词。

44.It is recommended that the project _A_ until all the preparations have been made.A not be started B will not be started C is not started D is not to be started

recommend vt.推荐，建议，后面加句子要用虚拟语气，谓语动词的形式：(should)+ 动词原形

45.I wish I _D_ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A have slept B slept C might have slept D could have slept

wish 后面的句子要用虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反用：情态动词 + have + 动词过去分词。

might经常被翻译成或许。

46.We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we _D_ him.A had telephoned B must have telephoned C would telephon