第一篇：2008年10月中科院考博英语真题单词

2008年10中科院考博英语真题单词

2008年10中科院考博英语真题单词

1.give a big hand 热烈鼓掌欢迎

2.curious ['kjʊərɪəs]

adj.好奇的，有求知欲的；古怪的；爱挑剔的3.curiosity [kjʊərɪ'ɒsɪtɪ]

n.好奇，好奇心；珍品，古董，古玩

4.curiousness ['kjuəriəsnis]

n.好学；好奇；不寻常

5.alleviate [ə'liːvɪeɪt]

vt.减轻，缓和

6.alleviative [ə'liːvɪeɪtɪv]

n.缓和剂；使减轻之物

adj.减轻的；缓解的7.alleviation [ə,liːvɪ'eɪʃən]

n.缓和；镇痛物

8.unaccounted [,ʌnə'kauntid]

adj.未说明解释的；未包括在某数目中的；行踪不明的9.unaccounted for 下落不明的；未予解释的10.escalate ['eskəleɪt]

vt.使逐步上升

vi.逐步增强；逐步升高

11.exalt [ɪg'zɔːlt;eg-]

vt.提升；提拔；赞扬；使得意

vi.使人得意

12.exalted [ɪg'zɔːltɪd]

adj.高尚的；尊贵的；兴奋的

v.高举；赞扬；使激动（exalt的过去分词）

13.exaltation [egzɔːl'teɪʃ(ə)n;eks-]

n.得意洋洋，欣喜；提拔；举起

14.stumble ['stʌmb(ə)l]

n.绊倒；蹒跚而行

vi.踌躇，蹒跚；失足；犯错

vt.使…困惑；使…绊倒

15.stumble upon 偶然发现

16.stumble on 无意中发现；偶然遇到，碰巧找到

17.stumble over 给绊倒；结结巴巴地说

18.stumble across 偶然发现

19.dispel [dɪ'spel]

vt.驱散，驱逐；消除（烦恼等）

20.conducive [kən'djuːsɪv]

adj.有益的；有助于…的21.conducive to 有益于，有益于

22.conduciveness 促成；诱因

23.conduce [kən'djuːs] vi.导致；有益，有贡献于

24.cynical ['sɪnɪk(ə)l]

adj.愤世嫉俗的；冷嘲的

2008年10中科院考博英语真题单词

25.speculate ['spekjʊleɪt]

vi.推测；投机；思索

vt.推断

26.speculative ['spekjʊlətɪv]

adj.投机的；推测的；思索性的27.speculation [,spekjʊ'leɪʃn]

n.投机；推测；思索；投机买卖

28.speculator ['spekjuleitə]

n.投机者；思索者

29.speculativeness n.思辩

30.symptom ['sɪm(p)təm]

n.[临床] 症状；征兆

31.early symptom 早期症状

32.symptomatic [sɪm(p)tə'mætɪk]

adj.有症状的；症候的33.symptomless ['simptəmlis]

adj.无症状的

34.originative [ə'ridʒəneitiv,-nə-]

adj.有创作力的；有发明之才能的35.originality [ə,rɪdʒɪ'nælɪtɪ]

n.创意；独创性，创造力；原始；新奇

36.originate [ə'rɪdʒɪneɪt;ɒ-]

vt.引起；创作 vi.发源；发生；起航

37.originate from 发源于

38.indignation [ɪndɪg'neɪʃ(ə)n]

n.愤慨；愤怒；义愤

39.indignant [ɪn'dɪgnənt]

adj.愤愤不平的；义愤的40.Strongly Indignant 强烈愤慨

41.disarm [dɪs'ɑːm]

vt.解除武装；裁军；缓和

vi.放下武器；裁减军备

42.disarming [dɪs'ɑːmɪŋ]

adj.使解除警戒心的；使人消气的

v.解除武装；使息怒（disarm的现在分词）

43.disarmament [dɪs'ɑːməm(ə)nt] n.裁军

44.dispatch [dɪ'spætʃ]

n.派遣；急件 vt.派遣；分派

45.dispatcher [dɪs'pætʃə]

n.调度员；[计] 调度程序；[计] 分配器

46.economic dispatch 经济调度；经济分配

47.with dispatch 迅速地 尽快地

49.dispatch from 从发送

48.dispatch center 调度中心；运输中心；勤务中心

50.underneath [ʌndə'niːθ]

prep.在的下面；在的形式下；在的支配下 n.下面；底部

adj.下面的；底层的 adv.在下面；在底下

2008年10中科院考博英语真题单词

51.ridiculous [rɪ'dɪkjʊləs] adj.可笑的；荒谬的52.ridiculously [ri'dikjuləsli] adv.可笑地；荒谬地

53.ridiculousness [ri'dikjuləsnis] n.荒谬，滑稽

54.rattle ['ræt(ə)l]

vt.使发出咯咯声；喋喋不休；使慌乱，使惊慌

vi.喋喋不休地讲话；发出卡嗒卡嗒声

n.喋喋不休的人；吓吱声，格格声

55.rattled ['rætld]

adj.慌乱的；愚蠢的；恼火的v.发出咯咯声（rattle的过去式）

56.rattling ['rætlɪŋ]

adj.很好的；活泼的；卡嗒卡嗒的adv.很；非常；极佳

v.使发出嘎嘎声（rattle的ing形式）

57.router ['raʊtə] n.[计] 路由器；刳刨者

58.intertwine [ɪntə'twaɪn]

vt.缠绕；纠缠

vi.纠缠；编结

59.intertwined [,intə:'waind]

adj.缠绕的；错综复杂的

v.使缠结，缠绕（intertwine的过去式）

60.obligatory [ə'blɪgət(ə)rɪ]

adj.义务的；必须的；义不容辞的61.obligatory right 债权

62.obligatory course 必修课

63.obligate ['ɒblɪgeɪt]

vt.使负义务；强使，强迫；对…施以恩惠

adj.有责任的，有义务的；必需的64.obligated ['ɑblɪɡetɪd]

n.使负义务（obligate的过去式）

adj.有义务的；责无旁贷的65.obligation [ɒblɪ'geɪʃ(ə)n]

n.义务；职责；债务

66.oblige [ə'blaɪdʒ]

vt.迫使；强制；赐，施恩惠；责成vi.帮忙；施恩惠

67.obliged [ə'blaidʒd]

v.要求；约束；施恩惠（oblige的过去分词）

adj.必须的；感激的；有责任的68.obliging [ə'blaɪdʒɪŋ]

v.迫使；约束（oblige的现在分词）

adj.乐于助人的；有礼貌的；体贴的；亲切的69.vendors

n.供应商，销售商（vendor的复数）

70.street vendor 小贩；大排档

71.news vendor 卖报人

2008年10中科院考博英语真题单词

72.herd [hɜːd]

n.兽群，畜群；放牧人

vi.成群，聚在一起

vt.放牧；使成群

73.herder ['hə:də] n.牧人；（美俚）监狱看守

74.a herd of 一群（牛、鹿等）

75.Herd Behavior 羊群行为；羊群效应；从众行为；群体恐慌行为

76.herd instinct [动] 群居本能，群体心理

77.luster ['lʌstə]

vi.有光泽；发亮

n.[光] 光泽；光彩

vt.使有光泽

78.pearly luster 珍珠光泽

79.bright luster 镜面光泽

80.lustrous ['lʌstrəs]

adj.有光泽的；光辉的81.lusterless ['lʌstəlɪs]

adj.没有光泽的82.lustreless ['lʌstəlis]

adj.无光泽的；平淡乏味的83.altruism ['æltrʊɪz(ə)m]

n.利他；利他主义

84.prosper ['prɒspə]

vi.繁荣，昌盛；成功

vt.使……成功；使……昌盛；使……繁荣

85.prosperous ['prɒsp(ə)rəs] adj.繁荣的；兴旺的86.prosperity [prɒ'sperɪtɪ] n.繁荣，成功

87.comic ['kɒmɪk]

adj.喜剧的；滑稽的；有趣的

n.连环漫画；喜剧演员；滑稽人物

88.comical ['kɒmɪk(ə)l] adj.滑稽的，好笑的89.comicality [,kɔmi'kæliti] n.诙谐；滑稽

90.comic book 连环漫画册

91.comic opera 喜歌剧

92.gratify ['grætɪfaɪ]

vt.使满足；使满意，使高兴

93.gratified

adj.称心的v.使满足；使高兴（gratify的过去式及过去分词形式）

94.gratifying ['ɡrætɪfaɪɪŋ]

adj.悦人的；令人满足的

v.使满意（gratify的现在分词）；使高兴

95.gratification [ɡrætɪfɪ'keɪʃn]

n.满意；喜悦；使人满意之事

96.kin [kɪn]

n.亲戚；家族；同族

adj.同类的；有亲属关系的；性质类似的

2008年10中科院考博英语真题单词

97.kinship ['kɪnʃɪp]

n.[法] 亲属关系，家属关系；亲密关系

98.kith and kin 朋友和亲属

99.next of kin 最近的血亲，最亲的亲戚

100.kith [kɪθ]

n.朋友；邻居

101.elaborate [ɪ'læb(ə)rət]

adj.精心制作的；详尽的；煞费苦心的vi.详细描述；变复杂

vt.精心制作；详细阐述；从简单成分合成（复杂有机物）

102.elaborate on 详细说明

103.elaboration [i,læbə'reiʃən]

n.苦心经营，精巧；详细阐述

104.elaborateness [i'læbəreitə]

n.尽心竭力

105.symbolic [sɪm'bɒlɪk]

adj.象征的；符号的；使用符号的106.symbolically [sim'bɔlikəli]

adv.象征性地；象征意义地

107.symbolic expression 符号表达式；符号式

108.symbolic language [计] 符号语言；象征性的语言

109.wrench [ren(t)ʃ]

n.扳手，扳钳；扭伤；痛苦；歪曲；猛扭

vt.扭伤；猛扭；曲解；折磨

vi.扭伤；猛扭；猛绞

110.wrenching ['rentʃiŋ]

n.苗木铲根；修截苗根

v.猛扭；歪曲；抢取（wrench的ing形式）

111.pipe wrench 管扳钳；管子钳

112.kick in 踢开；支付；开始生效；腿打水游进；死亡

113.spoil [spɒɪl]

n.次品；奖品

vt.溺爱；糟蹋；掠夺

vi.掠夺；变坏；腐败

114.spoilage ['spɒɪlɪdʒ]

n.损坏，糟蹋；掠夺；损坏物

115.spoilt [spɒɪlt]

adj.宠坏的；损坏的v.宠坏；毁坏（spoil的过去式及过去分词）

116.aquifer ['ækwɪfə]

n.（美）蓄水层；含水土层

117.aquiferous [æ'kwifərəs] adj.含水的；[地质] 蓄水的118.in denial 否认；拒绝接受现实；拒绝承认出了问题

119.irrigate ['ɪrɪgeɪt]

vt.灌溉；冲洗；使清新

vi.灌溉；冲洗

2008年10中科院考博英语真题单词

120.irrigation [,ɪrə'geʃən]

n.灌溉；[临床] 冲洗；冲洗法

121.rehabilitate [riːhə'bɪlɪteɪt]

vt.使康复；使恢复名誉；使恢复原状

vi.复兴；复权；恢复正常生活

122.rehabilitative [ri:hə'bilitətiv]

adj.复职的，复原的

123.rehabilitation ['ri:hə,bili'teiʃən]

n.复原

124.habilitate [hə'bɪlɪteɪt]

vt.提供周转资金；给…穿着

vi.取得任职资格

125.replenish [rɪ'plenɪʃ]

vt.补充，再装满；把…装满；给…添加燃料

126.replenishment [rɪ'plɛnɪʃmənt]

n.补充，补给

127.sprinkle ['sprɪŋk(ə)l]

n.撒，洒；少量

vt.洒；微雨；散置

vi.洒，撒；下稀疏小雨；喷撒

128.sprinkler ['sprɪŋklɚ]

n.洒水车；洒水器

129.sprinkling ['sprɪŋklɪŋ]

n.少量；点滴；喷雾

v.洒；点缀（sprinkle的现在分词）

130.silver bullet 银子弹；良方，高招

131.eavesdrop ['iːvzdrɒp]

n.屋檐上流下来的水

vi.偷听，窃听

132.eavesdropper ['i:vz,drɔpə] n.偷听者

133.overhear [əʊvə'hɪə]

vt.无意中听到；偷听

vi.无意中听到；偷听到

134.guideline ['gaɪdlaɪn] n.指导方针

135.omit [ə(ʊ)'mɪt]

vt.省略；遗漏；删除；疏忽

136.disparage [dɪ'spærɪdʒ]

vt.蔑视；毁谤

137.disparaging [dɪs'pærɪdʒɪŋ]

v.蔑视（disparage的ing形式）

adj.毁谤的；轻蔑的

138.disparagement [dɪs'pærɪdʒmənt] n.轻蔑；轻视

139.disparager [dis'pæridʒə] n.毁谤者

140.grievance ['griːv(ə)ns]

n.不满，不平；委屈；冤情

141.grievance procedure

冤屈投诉程序；苦情处理制度；抱怨程序；申诉程序

2008年10中科院考博英语真题单词

142.wrap [ræp]

n.外套；围巾

vt.包；缠绕；隐藏；掩护

vi.包起来；缠绕；穿外衣

143.wrapped [ræpt]

v.包裹；覆盖（wrap的过去分词）adj.有包装的144.wrapping ['ræpɪŋ]

n.包装纸，包装材料

v.裹住（wrap的ing形式）

adj.包装用的145.wrapper ['ræpə]

n.包装材料；[包装] 包装纸；书皮

146.wrap up 伪装；使全神贯注；穿暖和的衣服

147.under wraps 不公开的；秘密的148.craft [krɑːft]

n.工艺；手艺；太空船

vt.精巧地制作

149.crafty ['krɑːftɪ]

adj.狡猾的；灵巧的150.craftiness ['kra:ftinis]

n.狡猾；熟练；巧妙

151.crafted

adj.精心制作的

v.精巧地制作（craft的过去分词）

152.smart [smɑːt]

adj.聪明的；巧妙的；敏捷的；厉害的；潇洒的；剧烈的；时髦的153.smarting ['smɑ:tiŋ]

n.剧烈疼痛；刺痛

vi.感到刺痛；感到难受（smart的现在分词）

adj.剧烈疼痛的154.smartly ['sma:tli]

adv.刺痛地；漂亮地；潇洒地；火辣辣地

155.smartness ['sma:tnis]

n.机灵；敏捷；现代风格

156.smart phone 智能电话

157.smart card [计] 智能卡

158.smart money 抚恤金；罚款；因掌握内情而下的赌注；（英）伤兵抚恤

159.incubate ['ɪŋkjʊbeɪt]

n.孵育物

vt.孵化；培养；温育；逐渐发展 vi.孵化；酝酿

160.incubation [ɪŋkjʊ'beɪʃ(ə)n]

n.孵化；[病毒][医] 潜伏；抱蛋

161.incubator ['ɪŋkjʊbeɪtə]

n.[禽] 孵卵器；[儿科] 保温箱；早产儿保育器；细菌培养器

162.cookie ['kʊkɪ] n.饼干；小甜点

163.cooky ['kʊkɪ] n.饼干（等于cookie）

2008年10中科院考博英语真题单词

164.touch coookie 坚强，有主意，不易受别人影响的人

165.gobble ['gɒb(ə)l]

n.火鸡叫声

vt.狼吞虎咽

vi.贪食；咯咯叫

166.gobble up 狼吞虎咽；贪婪地抓住

167.gobbler [gɒblə]

n.雄火鸡；狼吞虎咽的人

168.fitness ['fɪtnəs]

n.健康；适当；适合性

169.physical fitness 身体健康；体力；身体适宜性

170.fitness equipment 健身器材

171.fitness center 健身中心；健身房

172.tout [taʊt]

n.侦查者；兜售者

vt.兜售；招徕；刺探赛马情报

vi.兜售；招徕顾客；拉选票

173.impersonal [ɪm'pɜːs(ə)n(ə)l]

n.非人称动词；不具人格的事物

adj.客观的；非个人的；没有人情味的；非人称的174.impersonate [ɪm'pɜːs(ə)neɪt]

vt.扮演；模仿；拟人，人格化

175.impersonation [im,pə:sə'neiʃən]

n.扮演；模仿；装扮

176.impersonator [im'pə:səneitə(r)]

n.演员；模拟艺人

第二篇：中科院考博英语

考博英语范文总结十篇

一、Television Program and Their Effect on children

Television programs regularly entertain, educate, effect and even frighten the majority of our children.Most children are allowed to watch whatever program is on, with little thought on the effect that particular show will have on a child.Most programs can be classed as beneficial or harmful, according to what effect the program might have on a child.The beneficial television programs are mainly thouse that educate the young.There are often specials on animal life.A few regular children’s programs develop the child’s interest in school-type learning by stressing numbers and the alphablt, and that encourages him or her to be creative.The beneficial commercials, such as those on anti-smoking, anti-litter, and health, should be included in this category.On the opposite side are the shows, which are generally harmful to children.Many commercials, especially those sponsoring the children’s programs, are deliberately written to create a desire for an unnecessary product such as sugar coated cereals and candy.All adult programs that include violence or sex scenes can at best fill a child’s mind with confusing or misleading ideas, and could possib ly harden the child to violence.Thoughtful parents will definitely not allow their children to view the bad programs.A child’s viewing time should be limited to watching educationlly benefical programs.二、―The younger generaton knows best‖

Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were.The same comments is made from generation to generation and it is always true.It has never been truer than ti is today.The young are better educated.They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom.They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents.They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideas of their elders.Events, which the older generation remembers vividly, are nothing more than past history.This is as it should be.Every new generation is different from the one preceded it.Today the difference is very marked indeed.The old always assume thaty they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer.They don’t like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened.And this precisely what the young are doing.They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency.They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds.What they reject more than anything is conformity.Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery.Wouldn’t people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convict haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solven their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat —race? Haven’t the old lost touch with all that is important in life?

There are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly.Their record over the past forty years or so hasn’t been exactly spotless.Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guilance.Today, the situation might reversed.The old—if they are prepared to admit it — could learn a thing or two from their children.One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not ―sinful‖.Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life.It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure to shed restricting inhibitions.It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future.This emphasis on the present is only to be expressed because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constant threat of complete annihilation.This is their glorious heritage.Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it ?

三、How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities

With the development of modern industryu, more and more people are flowing into big cities.Accordingly, the housing problem in big cities is becoming more and more serious.People have offered many solutions to this problem.I think building satellite cities in the suburbs is more practical.The fresh air and beautiful secnery in the suburbs will be appealing to the city citizens, who suffer from air pollution, noises, etc.in the overcrowded city.With more people leaving the city, more space will be available for those remaining.The housinmg problem in big cities will thus be solved.四、Public Transportation

As part of domestic modernization, public transportation needs to be developed urgently in China.I can illustrate some examples.There does not only exist serious traffic jams but also crowded buses, underground and railways.Commuters find it hard to get to work on time due to overcrowded buses or tubes.Travelers could hardly get on buses in big cities during weedends owing to fewer buses and more people.When Spring Festival is drawing near, there is much greater –ressure on public transportation since it has to deal with a large number of travelers rushing home.And travelers need special arrangements to go home.In a word, public transportation has become bottleneck to the advanc of Chinese economy.To solve the above-mentioned problems, the departments concerned should carry out the following steps: to build more roads, highways or railways and to add buses or trains to the original lines.But ther funds have to be raised both from the government and the public.There are three sources for fund raising.One is to raise the fares for all kinds of all transportation vehicles.Another is to increase the prices for various vehicles on sale.The third is to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oil in addtion to the governmental funds.If all this money to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oiil in addtion to the governmental funds.If all this money collected is used to improve transportation services, the situation will be bettered and favorable.The third step to take is to introduce new technology in order to raise the efficiency of vehicles.For instance, the speed of trains can be increased as much as two times so that two times as many people can be held.In this way, the pressure on public transportation can be dramatically alleviated.So in a word, we need to introduce new technology to raise the speed of vehicles while having built even wider roads and added more efficient trains and huses.五、Human Education

The other day, a professor from Peking University gave a lecture ―Chinese Intellectuals and Written Cultural Text‖.In his lecture, he held that Chinese intellectuals have lost the written cultural text since the May 4th movement.His opinion set us thinking that the loss of traditional humane education resulted in a crisis of cultural education.With the rapid development of economy, the living standard of the Chinese people has improved a lot in terms of material wealth.In a period when economics take priority, people pay more aned more attention to profit.At present, moneymaking and pleasure seeking are becoming a popular fashion.On the other hand, there appears a barren field of spirit in today’s society.It has become unexpectedly hard to rebuild the paradise of traditional culture.Ideological confusion, moral decline and a chaotic cultural market, all this shows that it is the high time to have something done in order to tackle the problem of cultural orientation.Our times call for an ideal humane education.It is unwise to discard traditional Chinese culture as a whole.Some of the elements of this culture can be made use of in the reconstruction of our spiritual civilizaiton directly or wit5h some adaptation.Our attitude towards tradition should be ―discarding the dross and selecting the essence‖.The humane education of the past can serve as a supplement to our Marxist education.It should start from primary school.In this way, our children will get educated so as to be possessed of a perfect personality.The national morale will be deeply rooted in people’s mind, and will help push forward the growth of economy.To sum up, we can find it badly necessary to build up an ideal humane education.We should find an efficient way to develop our humane education and dig out5 more resources form traditional Chinese culture.六、Criticism on Television

A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on chldren.A few years ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema.But although child psychoilogists have spent a great deal of time studying his problem, there is not much evidence that television brings about teenager’s crimes.For people in the modern worlds share the views of parents a hundred years ago.In those days, writers for children carefully avoided any reference to sex in their books, but had not inhibitions about including scenes of violence.The evidence collected suggests, however, that neither the subject, nor the action in itself frightens children.The context in which cruely or violence occurs is much more important.A good guide to what is psychologically healthy for a small child is therefore provided by a television series in which a boy and a girl are supposed to be exploring distant planets with their parents.In each story, they encounter strange monsters and find themselves in dangerous situations but the parents are reassuring and sensible, as a child’s paprents should be in real life.There is an adult character who is a coward and liar, but both the children are brave and , of course, every story ends happily.In my view, children should be exposed to the problems of real life as soon as possible, but they cannont help seeing these through news programs.When they are being entertained, the healthiest atmosphere is one which the hero and heroine are children like themselves who behave naturally and confidently in any situation.七、he ony thing people are interesed in today is earing more money

Once upon a time there lived a beautiful young woman and a handsome young man.They were very poor, but as they were deeply in love, they wanted to get married.The young people’s parents shook their heads.―You can’t get married yet.‖ They said.Wait till you get a good job with good prospects.So the young people waited until they found good jobs with good prospects and they were able to get married.They were still poor, of course, they didn’t have a house to live in or any furniture, but that did’t matter.They young man had a good job with good prospects, so large organizations lent him the money he needed to buy a house, some furniture, all the latest electrical appliances and a car.The couple lived happily ever after paying off debts for the rest of their lves.And so ends another modern romantic fable.We live in a materialistic society and are trained from our earlist years to be acquistive.Our possessions, yours and mine are clearly labeled from early childhood.When we grow old enough to earn a living, it does not surpise us to discover that success is measured in terms of the money you earn.We spend the whole of ourlives keeping up with our neighbors, the Joneses.If we buy a new television set , Jones is bound to buy a bigger and better one.If we buy a new car, we can be sure that Jones will go one better and get two new cars: one for his wife and one for himself.The most amusing thing about this game is that Joneses and all the neighbors who are struggling frantically to keep up with them are spending borrowed money kindly provided, at a suitable rate of interest, of course, by friendly banks, insurance companies, etc.It is not only affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money.Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets.Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever.The wheels of industry must be kept turning.Built-in obsolescence provides the means;goods are made to be discarded.Cars get tinnier and tinnier.You no sooner acquire this year’s model than you are thinking about its replacement.This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education.Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake.Every course of studies must lead somewhere.i.e.to a bigger wage packet.The demand for skilled personnel for exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies.Tempting salaries and ―fringe benefits‖ are offered to them.Recruiting tactics of this kind have led to the brain drain, the process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the highest bidder.The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens.While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richers and the poor, poorer.八、Communication and Language

One of the first things we think about when we hear the word communication language.There are thousands of languages spoken around the world today.In fact, linguistis say that there may be as many as 10000.Speaking with others is an important means of communication, but we can also communicate without using words, that is by nonverbal communication.Nonverbal communication includes voice quality, eyes movement, facial expression and body movements such as gestures and change in body position.But many people do not realize that everyone uses nonverbal communication.Sometimes, we ―say‖ more with our face and gestures that we do with our voices.Books, magazines, newspapers, radio, television, are other means of communication.Today we can also communicate over long distance with the help of communications satellites.Some scientists say that soon machines will be developed for sending message through the earth.The technology necessary to build these machines is very complex.But the language we speak every day is much more complex than the most modern communication technology.九、Cooperation Goes with Competition

In our times, cooperation and competition spread over the world.Both of them speed up the wheel of economy and enrich the intelligence of mankind.It is possible to accomplish a complicated program by only one person now.As we know, the more cooperation a company depends on, the more efficient it will become in business.Furthermore, we can’t avoid competition in our exchanges.From time to time, we compare ourselves with others, expecting to catch up with others.This is the spirit of competition, by which we pursue the highest goal.It is only by competition in the market that a company can raise its reputation.Were it not for competition, say, all of us would not enjoy what we have achieved.十、he Rise of Intellectual Property Protection

Intellectural property scarcely existed in the vocabularies of academic researchers and administrators even 15 years ago.Now it is an ever-present part of discussions on research policies and directions.This new importance of intellectual property in academia reflects a changing view on ther relationships of research at universities to the surrounding society.Until recently, research at universities has been relatively isolated from demands of economic utility,and education of graduate students has emphasized a career in academic research as the final goal.Now almost all research universities in the United States have technology licensing operations.The number of U.S.patents granted to American universities in a year rose from about 300 in 1980 to almost 2000 in 1995.The direct economic impact of technology licensing on the universities themselves has been relatively small.In contrast, the impact of university technology transfer on the local and national economies has been substantial, and leads to the concusion that the Licensing Act()is one of the most successful pieces of economic development in recent history.It has been estimated that more than 200000 jobs have been created in the United States in product development and manufacturing of products from university licenses, with the number increasing fairly rapidly as the licenses mature.Intellectual property terms have become vitally important.The company wants to be assured that it can use the results of the research-and that these results will not be available to their competitors.But most universities insist that transfer of research results is key to their identity and mission and will not agree to keep the project results secret.The key to resolving this dilemman is to grant patents: the university will publish the results, but will first agree to file patents that will protect the company’s privilege in the commercial market place.

第三篇：2007年中国科学院考博英语真题单词总结

1.shoot up

射出；发芽；暴涨；迅速成长

2.pay up

全部付清

3.by no means

决不

4.parade [pə'reɪd]

n.游行；阅兵；炫耀；行进；阅兵场

vt.游行；炫耀；列队行进

vi.游行；炫耀；列队行进

5.militant ['mɪlɪt(ə)nt]

adj.好战的

n.富有战斗性的人；好斗者

6.untapped [ʌn'tæpt]

adj.未开发的；未使用的；塞子未开的7.extravagantly [ik'strævəgəntli]

adv.挥霍无度地

8.solely ['səʊllɪ]

adv.单独地，唯一地

9.substantial [səb'stænʃ(ə)l]

adj.大量的；实质的；内容充实的n.本质；重要材料

10.brigade [brɪ'geɪd]

n.旅；大部队；队列

vt.把…编成旅；把…编成队

11.contentious [kən'tenʃəs]

adj.诉讼的；有异议的，引起争论的；爱争论的 12.animation [ænɪ'meɪʃ(ə)n]

n.活泼，生气；激励；卡通片绘制

13.comic ['kɒmɪk]

adj.喜剧的；滑稽的；有趣的

n.连环漫画；喜剧演员；滑稽人物

14.in pursuit of

寻求，追求

15.causal ['kɔːz(ə)l]

adj.因果关系的；有原因的n.表示原因的连词

16.deviant ['diːvɪənt]

n.不正常者；偏移值；变异物

adj.不正常的；离经叛道的17.paradox ['pærədɔks]

n.悖论，反论；似非而是的论点；自相矛盾的人或事

18.bow side

右舷 | 左右舷侧

19.mold [mold]

vt.塑造；使发霉；用模子制作

vi.发霉

n.霉菌；模子

20.moral ['mɔrəl, 'mɔ:-]

adj.道德的；精神上的；品性端正的n.道德；寓意

21.poised [pɔɪzd]

adj.泰然自若的，镇定的；平衡的，均衡的；摆好姿势不动的，静止的22.deploy [di:'plɔi]

vt.配置；展开；使疏开

vi.部署；展开 n.部署

23.sheen [ʃiːn]

n.光辉，光泽，光彩

adj.光辉的；有光泽的；华丽的vi.闪耀；发光

24.malignancies

n.恶性肿瘤（malignancy的复数）

25.heck [hek]

int.真见鬼（hell的委婉说法）

n.饲草架

26.revitalize [,ri'vaɪtəlaɪz]

vt.使…复活；使…复兴；使…恢复生气

27.sequence ['siːkw(ə)ns]

n.[数][计] 序列；顺序；续发事件

vt.按顺序排好

28.vulgarity [vʌl'ɡærəti]

n.粗俗；粗俗语；粗野的动作

29.warrant ['wɒr(ə)nt]

n.根据；证明；正当理由；委任状

vt.保证；担保；批准；辩解

30.melancholy ['melənkəlɪ]

adj.忧郁的；使人悲伤的n.忧郁；悲哀；愁思

31.ulcers

n.溃疡，疡（ulcer的复数）

32.chipmunk ['tʃɪpmʌŋk]

n.花栗鼠；[脊椎] 金花鼠

33.numbingly

adv.使失去感觉地；使麻木地

34.gloom [gluːm]

n.忧郁；阴暗

vi.变阴暗；变忧沉；感到沮丧

vt.使黑暗；使忧郁

35.primarily

36.passivity [pæ'sɪvɪtɪ]

n.被动性；被动结构；无抵抗

37.claims

n.要求，请求权；索赔（claim的复数形式）；债权；权利要求

v.要求；主张（claim的第三人称单数形式）

38.executive [iɡ'zekjutiv]

adj.行政的；经营的；执行的，经营管理的n.经理；执行委员会；执行者；经理主管人员

39.polyps

n.息肉（polyp的复数）

40.maximum ['mæksɪməm]

n.[数] 极大，最大限度；最大量

adj.最高的；最多的；最大极限的41.evaporated [i'væpəreitid]

adj.浓缩的；脱水的；蒸发干燥的v.蒸发；消失（evaporate的过去式）；失去水分 42.hedgerow ['hedʒrəʊ]

n.灌木篱墙

43.cumulative ['kjuːmjʊlətɪv]

adj.累积的

44.emperor ['empərə]

n.皇帝，君主

45.set

n.集合；一套；布景；装置

vt.树立；点燃；点缀；

vi.(日,月)落沉；凝固；结果

adj.固定的；规定的；固执的46.colon ['kəʊlən]

n.[解剖] 结肠；冒号（用于引语、说明、例证等之前）；科郎（哥斯达黎加货币单位）

47.tale [teil]

n.故事；传说；叙述；流言蜚语

48.uniquely [ju:'ni:kli]

adv.独特地；珍奇地

49.decoration [dɛkə'reɪʃ(ə)n]

n.装饰，装潢；装饰品；奖章

50.sponsor ['spɔnsə]

n.赞助者；主办者；保证人 vt.赞助；发起

51.urban ['ɜːb(ə)n]

adj.城市的；住在都市的52.source [sɔːs]

n.来源；水源；原始资料

53.plagued

v.困扰（plague的过去分词）；折磨

54.venture ['ventʃə]

vt.敢于 vi.冒险；投机 n.企业；风险；冒险

55.loath [ləʊθ]

adj.勉强的；不情愿的（等于loth）

56.dislocation [,dɪslə(ʊ)'keɪʃ(ə)n]

n.转位；混乱；[医] 脱臼

57.lobby ['lɒbɪ]

n.大厅；休息室；会客室；游说议员的团体

vt.对……进行游说 vi.游说议员

58.campaigner [kæm'penɚ]

n.竞选者；从军者；出征者；老兵

59.desperate ['desp(ə)rət]

adj.不顾一切的；令人绝望的；极度渴望的60.blown [bləʊn]

adj.吹制的，吹出的；开花的，盛开的；喘气的v.风吹（blow的过去分词）

61.regime [reɪ'ʒiːm]

n.政权，政体；社会制度；管理体制

62.midlife ['midlaif]

n.中年

63.quintet [kwɪn'tet]

n.五重奏，五重唱；男子篮球队；[计] 五位字节

64.responses [rɪ'spɑns]

n.响应回应

65.prone

prone: 倾向于 | 易发 | 俯卧的

66.fears

n.恐惧；担心

v.恐惧；害怕；敬畏（fear的第三人称单数）

67.shoot [ʃu:t]

vt.射击，射中；拍摄；发芽；使爆炸；给…注射

vi.射击；发芽；拍电影

n.射击；摄影；狩猎；急流

68.spectacular [spek'tækjʊlə]

adj.壮观的，惊人的；公开展示的69.irritation [ɪrɪ'teɪʃn]

n.刺激；刺激物；激怒；兴奋

70.dampen ['dæmp(ə)n]

vt.抑制；使…沮丧；使…潮湿 vi.潮湿；丧气

71.banned [bænd]

adj.被禁的 vt.禁止（ban的过去分词）

72.reserves [ri'zə:vz]

n.储量；准备金（reserve的复数）；后备队

v.储备；保留（reserve的三单形式）；预订

73.force [fɔːs]

n.力量；武力；军队；魄力

vt.促使，推动；强迫；强加

74.midst [mɪdst]

n.当中，中间

prep.在…中间（等于amidst）

75.interior [in'tiəriə]

n.内部；本质

adj.内部的；国内的；本质的76.hierarchical organization

[测] 等级结构，分层结构；层次组织

77.cousin ['kʌz(ə)n]

n.堂兄弟姊妹；表兄弟姊妹

78.instigate ['ɪnstɪgeɪt]

vt.唆使；煽动；教唆；怂恿

79.rare [reə]

adj.稀有的；半熟的；稀薄的

adv.非常；极其 vi.用后腿站起；渴望

80.train [treɪn]

n.火车；行列；长队；裙裾

v.培养；训练；瞄准

81.portrayal [pɔː'treɪəl]

n.描绘；画像，肖像

82.beg [beg]

vt.乞讨；恳求；回避正题 vi.乞讨；请求

83.bathtub ['bɑ:θtʌb]

n.浴缸

84.fines [faɪnz]

n.罚款（fine的复数）；粉末；细骨料

v.使精细；变好；处…以罚金（fine的三单形式）85.violent ['vaɪəl(ə)nt]

adj.暴力的；猛烈的86.aural ['ɔːr(ə)l]

adj.听觉的；耳的；气味的；先兆的87.panel ['pæn(ə)l]

n.仪表板；嵌板；座谈小组，全体陪审员

vt.嵌镶板

88.network ['netwə:k]

n.网络；广播网；网状物

89.flourish ['flʌrɪʃ]

n.兴旺；茂盛；挥舞；炫耀；华饰

vt.夸耀；挥舞

vi.繁荣，兴旺；茂盛；活跃；处于旺盛时期

90.effectiveness [ə'fektivnis]

n.效力

91.driven ['drɪvn]

adj.被动的，受到驱策的

v.驾驶，开车（drive的过去分词）

92.suspect [sə'spekt, 'sʌspekt]

n.嫌疑犯

adj.可疑的；不可信的vt.怀疑；猜想

vi.怀疑；猜想

93.coach [kəutʃ]

n.教练；旅客车厢；长途公车；四轮大马车

vt.训练；指导

vi.作指导；接受辅导；坐马车旅行

94.shelves [ʃelvz]

n.架子（shelf 的复数）

v.装架（shelve的第三人称单数形式）

95.obsess [əb'ses]

vt.迷住，缠住；使…着迷；使…困扰

96.turn off

关掉，关闭；拐弯，使转变方向

97.naked ['neikid]

adj.裸体的；无装饰的；无证据的；直率的98.sibling ['sɪblɪŋ]

n.兄弟姊妹；民族成员

99.cultivate ['kʌltɪveɪt]

vt.培养；陶冶；耕作

100.shout [ʃaʊt]

vi.呼喊；喊叫；大声说

vt.呼喊；大声说 n.呼喊；呼叫

101.intelligent [ɪn'telɪdʒ(ə)nt]

adj.智能的；聪明的；理解力强的102.as heck

103.excitation [,eksɪ'teɪʃ(ə)n]

n.激发，刺激；激励；激动

104.approved [ə'pru:vd]

adj.被认可的；经过检验的

v.核准；认可（approve的过去式）

105.permanently ['pə:mənəntli]

adv.永久地，长期不变地

106.feature ['fiːtʃə]

n.特色，特征；容貌；特写或专题节目

vi.起重要作用 vt.特写；以…为特色；由…主演107.Cleopatra [,kliə'pɑ:trə]

n.克利欧佩特拉（女子名）；《埃及艳后》

108.anti ['æntɪ]

adj.反对的 n.反对者，反对论者

109.arthritis [ɑː'θraɪtɪs]

n.[外科] 关节炎

110.seductively [si'dʌktivli]

adv.诱惑地；勾引地

111.disciples

n.门徒（disciple的复数）

v.教育（disciple的第三人称单数形式）

112.in less than

不到

113.fellow ['feləʊ]

n.家伙；朋友；同事；会员

adj.同伴的，同事的；同道的

vt.使…与另一个对等；使…与另一个匹敌

114.self-deprecating [,self'deprikeitiŋ]

adj.自贬的；谦虚的（等于self-deprecatory）

115.exaggerate [ɪg'zædʒəreɪt;eg-]

vt.使扩大；使增大 vi.夸大；夸张

116.sought [sɔːt]

v.寻找（seek的过去式和过去分词）

117.affirm [ə'fə:m]

vt.肯定；断言 vi.确认；断言

118.dismissed [dis'mist]

v.开除，解散（dismiss的过去分词）；摒弃

adj.解雇的；解散的，被排除的119.erect [i'rekt]

vt.使竖立；建造；安装

adj.竖立的；笔直的；因性刺激而勃起的vi.直立；勃起

120.unmitigated [ʌn'mɪtɪgeɪtɪd]

adj.全然的；严厉的；未缓和的121.irony ['aɪrənɪ]

n.讽刺；反语；具有讽刺意味的事

adj.铁的；似铁的

122.bittersweet ['bɪtəswiːt]

adj.苦乐参半的；又苦又甜的n.又苦又甜的东西；蜀羊泉

123.rotting ['rɔtiŋ]

vt.腐败，腐坏之（rot的现在分词形式）；深蚀刻 n.沤麻

124.humane [hju:'mein]

adj.仁慈的，人道的；高尚的125.cart [kɑːt]

n.二轮运货马车 vt.用车装载

vi.驾运货马车；用运货车运送

126.input ['input]

n.投入；输入电路 vt.输入；将…输入电脑

127.deteriorating

v.退化，恶化（deteriorate的ing形式）

128.hound [haʊnd]

vt.追猎；烦扰；激励 n.猎犬；卑劣的人

129.previously ['priviəsli]

adv.以前；预先；仓促地

130.modernity [mə'dɜːnɪtɪ]

n.现代性；现代的东西；新式

131.revival [rɪ'vaɪv(ə)l]

n.复兴；复活；苏醒；恢复精神；再生效

132.posture ['pɔstʃə]

n.姿势；态度；情形 vi.摆姿势 vt.作…的姿势 133.oarsman ['ɔːzmən]

n.划手；划桨能手

134.physicians [fɪ'zɪʃən]

n.内科医生（physician的复数）

135.expectation [,ekspek'teiʃən]

n.期待；预期；指望

136.carcass ['kɑrkəs]

n.（人或动物的）尸体；残骸；（除脏去头备食

用的）畜体

137.in the context of

在…情况下；在…背景下

138.disposition [dɪspə'zɪʃ(ə)n]

n.处置；[心理] 性情；[军] 部署；倾向

139.glaring ['gleərɪŋ]

adj.耀眼的；瞪视的；炯炯的140.forecast ['fɔ:kɑ:st]

vt.预报，预测；预示 n.预测，预报；预想

vi.进行预报，作预测

141.rubbery ['rʌbərɪ]

adj.橡胶似的；有弹力的；坚韧的142.promise ['prɒmɪs]

n.许诺，允诺；希望

vt.允诺，许诺；给人以…的指望或希望

vi.许诺；有指望，有前途

143.squad [skwɒd]

n.[军]班；小队；五人组（篮球队的非正式说法）vt.把…编成班；把…编入班

144.specifically [spə'sɪfɪkli]

adv.特别地；明确地

145.pinpoint ['pɪnpɒɪnt]

vt.查明；精确地找到；准确描述

adj.精确的；详尽的

n.针尖；精确位置；极小之物

146.usefulness ['ju:sfulnis]

n.有用；有效性；有益

147.sustain [sə'steɪn]

vt.维持；支撑，承担；忍受；供养；证实

148.ironically [aɪ'rɑnɪkli]

adv.讽刺地；说反话地

149.advisory [əd'vaɪz(ə)rɪ]

adj.咨询的；顾问的；劝告的 n.报告；公告

150.clarify ['klærifai]

vt.澄清；阐明

vi.得到澄清；变得明晰；得到净化

151.pour [pɔː]

n.倾泻；流出；骤雨

vt.灌，注；倒；倾泻；倾吐

vi.倾泻；涌流；斟茶

152.estranged [ɪ'strendʒd]

adj.疏远的；不和的

v.使疏远；使隔离；使离间（estrange的过去分 词）

153.on the spot

立刻，当场；在危险中；处于负责地位

154.relieve [rɪ'liːv]

vt.解除，减轻；使不单调乏味；换…的班；解围；

使放心

155.visual ['vɪʒjʊəl;-zj-]

adj.视觉的，视力的；栩栩如生的156.nightmare ['naɪtmeə]

n.恶梦；梦魇般的经历

adj.可怕的；噩梦似的157.takeover ['teɪkəʊvə]

n.接管；验收

158.comedy ['kɒmɪdɪ]

n.喜剧；喜剧性；有趣的事情

159.delight [dɪ'laɪt]

n.高兴 vi.高兴 vt.使高兴

160.enameled [i'næməld]

adj.涂珐琅的；上釉的，涂漆的

v.涂瓷釉于；使光滑（enamel的过去分词）

161.litter ['lɪtə]

n.垃圾；轿，担架；一窝（动物的幼崽）；凌乱 vt.乱丢；给…垫褥草；把…弄得乱七八糟

vi.产仔；乱扔废弃物

162.trigger ['trɪgə]

vt.引发，引起；触发 vi.松开扳柄

n.扳机；[电子] 触发器；制滑机

163.instigation [,insti'ɡeiʃən]

n.煽动，鼓动；教唆；刺激

164.mutual ['mjuːtʃʊəl;-tjʊəl]

adj.共同的；相互的，彼此的165.formal occasion 公司礼仪

166.disillusionment [dɪsɪ'luːʒ(ə)nm(ə)nt]

n.幻灭；醒悟

167.elevate ['elɪveɪt]

vt.提升；举起；振奋情绪等；提升…的职位

168.allegedly [ə'ledʒidli] adv.依其申述

169.rower ['roɚ] n.桨手

170.lead up 引入；抢先

171.pack

172.remote [rɪ'məʊt]

adj.遥远的；偏僻的；疏远的 n.远程

173.rebellion [rɪ'beljən]

n.叛乱；反抗；谋反；不服从

174.exposure [ɪk'spəʊʒə;ek-]

n.暴露；曝光；揭露；陈列

175.afterward ['ɑ:ftəwəd, 'æf-] adv.以后，后来

176.fit [fɪt]

vt.安装；使……适应；使……合身；与……相符 vi.符合，配合；适合；合身

adj.健康的；合适的；恰当的；准备好的n.合身；发作；痉挛

177.fresh [freʃ]

adj.新鲜的；清新的；淡水的；无经验的n.开始；新生；泛滥 adv.刚刚，才；最新地

178.isolation [aɪsə'leɪʃ(ə)n]

n.隔离；孤立；[电] 绝缘；[化学] 离析

179.crowd [kraʊd]

n.群众,一伙;一堆,许多,大众 v.拥挤,挤满,挤进

vt.挤满,将...塞进;催促,催逼 vi.挤,拥挤,聚集

180.lit [lɪt]

adj.照亮的，点着的（light的过去式及过去分词）

181.palpable ['pælpəb(ə)l]

adj.明显的；可感知的；易觉察的182.vision ['vɪʒ(ə)n]

n.视力；美景；眼力；幻象；想象力

vt.想象；显现；梦见

183.labour ['leɪbə]

n.劳动力，人工；分娩 vi.劳动；分娩；费力地前进

184.hold firm 抓牢；固守

185.amiable ['eɪmɪəb(ə)l]

adj.和蔼可亲的，亲切的186.eliminate [ɪ'lɪmɪneɪt]

vt.消除；排除

187.deprive [dɪ'praɪv]

vt.使丧失，剥夺

188.with kind regards

（写在信末）谨致问候；此致敬礼

189.ignore [ɪg'nɔː]

vt.驳回诉讼；忽视；不理睬

190.squabble ['skwɒb(ə)l]

vi.发生口角；大声争吵 vt.弄乱（排好的铅字）

n.争吵；口角

191.mutiny ['mjuːtɪnɪ]

n.兵变；叛乱；暴动 vi.反叛；暴动；参加叛乱

192.go ahead 前进；进行

193.concern about

对…表示担心/忧虑；使（自己）关心…

194.sponsored ['spɔnsəd]

adj.赞助的；发起的

v.赞助（sponsor的过去分词）；发起

195.influential [,ɪnflʊ'enʃ(ə)l]

adj.有影响的；有势力的196.regardless of 不顾，不管

197.stand by 支持；袖手旁观；准备；站在旁边

198.mutt [mʌt] n.杂种狗；笨蛋

199.publicized

v.宣传（publicize的过去分词）；公布；广告

200.fluency ['fluːənsɪ]

n.流畅，流利

201.inhibitors

n.抑制剂；禁制因素，抑制因子；阻止剂（inhibitor的复数）

202.whilst [waɪlst]

conj.同时；时时，有时；当…的时候

203.counterpart ['kaʊntəpɑːt]

n.副本；配对物；极相似的人或物

224.predecessor ['priːdɪsesə]

n.前任，前辈

225.unattainable [ʌnə'teɪnəb(ə)l]

adj.做不到的；难到达的

226.be eligible for

有资格的；符号的条件

227.companion [kəm'pænjən]

n.同伴；朋友；指南；手册 vt.陪伴

204.find in

向…提供(钱物等)：；在(某地)发现(某人、某物等)：

228.definite ['defɪnɪt]

205.dual-

dual-: 二元的206.opponent [ə'pəʊnənt] n.对手；反对者；敌手 adj.对立的；敌对的207.prominence ['prɒmɪnəns] n.突出；显著；突出物；卓越

208.canton ['kæntən(ə)l;kæn'təʊn(ə)l] n.行政区，州

vt.为…分配营房；把…划分成州，把…划成行政区

209.mother tongue 母语；本国语言

210.go way 发展

211.emotive [ɪ'məʊtɪv] adj.感情的；情绪的；表现感情的212.imagination [ɪ,mædʒɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n] n.[心理] 想象力；空想；幻想物

213.on-the-spot ['ɔnðə'spɔt] adj.现场的214.much less 更不用说；不及

215.barrister ['bærɪstə] n.律师；（加拿大）出庭律师（等于arrister-at-law）；（英）（有资格出席高等法庭并辩护的）专门律师

216.oral ['ɔːr(ə)l] adj.口头的，口述的 n.口试

217.in due course

在适当的时候；及时地；顺次

218.proposed [prəu'pəuzd] adj.被提议的；所推荐的v.提议；计划（propose的过去式和过去分词）

219.undesirable [ʌndɪ'zaɪərəb(ə)l] adj.不良的；不受欢迎的；不合需要的n.不良分子；不受欢迎的人

220.prone to 有…倾向的221.serious ['sɪərɪəs] adj.严肃的，严重的；认真的；庄重的；危急的222.at any rate 无论如何，至少

223.split [splɪt] vt.分离；使分离；劈开；离开

vi.离开；被劈开；断绝关系

n.劈开；裂缝 adj.劈开的adj.一定的；确切的229.mitigate ['mɪtɪgeɪt] vt.使缓和，使减轻 vi.减轻，缓和下来

230.mature [mə'tʃʊə] adj.成熟的；充分考虑的；到期的；成年人的

vi.成熟；到期

vt.使…成熟；使…长成；慎重作出

231.agility [ə'dʒiləti] n.敏捷；灵活；机敏

232.overwhelming [,ovɚ'wɛlmɪŋ] adj.压倒性的；势不可挡的v.压倒；淹没（overwhelm的ing形式）；制服

233.Scottish ['skɔtiʃ]

adj.苏格兰的；苏格兰人的；苏格兰语的n.苏格兰人；苏格兰语

234.prosecuted ['prɔsikju:tid] adj.被起诉的v.起诉（prosecute的过去分词）；经营；贯彻

235.hold water

站得住脚；合情合理；说得通；能盛水

236.even though 虽然，即使

237.outperform [aʊtpə'fɔːm]

vt.胜过；做得比……好

238.reject [rɪ'dʒekt] vt.拒绝；排斥；抵制；丢弃

n.被弃之物或人；次品

239.respected [ri'spektid] adj.受尊敬的v.尊敬；重视（respect的过去式和过去分词）Respected: 受尊敬的 | 品德上高尚的人 | 推崇240.consistent [kən'sɪst(ə)nt] adj.始终如一的，一致的；坚持的consistent: 一致的 | 一贯的 | 一致性

241.surgery ['sɜːdʒ(ə)rɪ] n.外科；外科手术；手术室；诊疗室

surgery: 手术 | 外科 | 外科手术

242.institutional [ɪnstɪ'tjuːʃ(ə)n(ə)l] adj.制度的；制度上的；学会的243.degenerate [dɪ'dʒen(ə)rət]

vt.使退化；恶化 vi.退化；堕落

adj.退化的；堕落的 n.堕落的人

244.guard [gɑːd]

n.守卫；警戒；护卫队；防护装置

vi.警惕 vt.保卫；监视

245.dissemination [dɪ,sɛmə'neʃən]

n.宣传；散播；传染（病毒）

246.distill [dɪs'tɪl]

vt.提取；蒸馏；使滴下

vi.蒸馏；滴下；作为精华产生（等于distil）

247.capital ['kæpɪt(ə)l]

n.首都，省会；资金；大写字母；资本家

adj.首都的；重要的；大写的248.pessimistic [,pesɪ'mɪstɪk]

adj.悲观的，厌世的；悲观主义的249.verge [vɜːdʒ]

vi.濒临，接近；处在边缘 n.边缘

250.impulsively [ɪm'pʌlsɪvli]

adv.有推动力地

251.against the will 并非自愿

252.refuse [rɪ'fjuːz]

n.垃圾；废物 vt.拒绝；不愿；抵制 vi.拒绝

253.overflow [əʊvə'fləʊ]

vi.溢出；泛滥；充溢

n.充满，洋溢；泛滥；超值；溢值

vt.使溢出；使泛滥；使充溢

254.craftsmanship ['kræftsmənʃɪp]

n.技术；技艺

255.respectful [rɪ'spek(t)fʊl;-f(ə)l]

adj.恭敬的；有礼貌的256.chapter ['tʃæptə]

n.章，回；（俱乐部、协会等的）分会；人生或历史上的重要时期 vt.把…分成章节

257.obsolete ['ɒbsəliːt]

adj.废弃的；老式的 n.废词；陈腐的人 vt.淘汰；废弃

258.magnitude ['mægnɪtjuːd]

n.大小；量级；[地震] 震级；重要；光度

259.obscene [əb'siːn]

adj.淫秽的；猥亵的；可憎的260.perse [daɪ'vɜːs;'daɪvɜːs]

adj.不同的；多种多样的；变化多的261.shameless ['ʃeɪmlɪs]

adj.无耻的；不要脸的；伤风败俗的262.terrorist ['tɛrərɪst]

n.恐怖主义者，恐怖分子

263.session ['seʃ(ə)n]

n.会议；开庭；开会；学期；讲习会

264.at odds 争执（不一致）

265.on account of

由于；因为；为了…的缘故

266.enormous [ɪ'nɔːməs]

adj.庞大的，巨大的；凶暴的，极恶的267.Swiss [swɪs]

adj.瑞士的；瑞士人的；瑞士风格的n.瑞士人；瑞士腔调

268.in tempo 按原速

269.keep off 让开；不接近

270.reluctantly [rɪ'lʌktəntli]

adv.不情愿地；嫌恶地

271.accomplices [ə'kɑmplɪs]

n.共犯者们；同谋犯（accomplice的复数）

272.insoluble [ɪn'sɒljʊb(ə)l]

adj.不能解决的；[化学] 不能溶解的；难以解释的

273.morale [mə'rɑːl]

n.士气，斗志

274.put off

推迟；扔掉；阻止

275.enslave [ɪn'sleɪv;en-]

vt.束缚；征服；使某人成为奴隶

276.impeccable [ɪm'pekəb(ə)l]

adj.无瑕疵的；没有缺点的

277.confederation [kənfedə'reɪʃ(ə)n]

n.联盟；邦联；同盟

278.monolingual [mɒnə(ʊ)'lɪŋgw(ə)l]

adj.单语的；仅用一种语言的；仅懂一种语言的 n.只用一种语言的人

279.press [pres]

vt.压；按；逼迫；紧抱 vi.压；逼；重压

n.压；按；新闻；出版社；[印刷] 印刷机

280.material [mə'tɪərɪəl]

adj.重要的；物质的，实质性的；肉体的n.材料，原料；物资；布料

281.count for

有价值，有重要性

282.complacent [kəm'pleɪs(ə)nt]

adj.自满的；得意的；满足的283.oblique [ə'bliːk]

adj.斜的；不光明正大的n.倾斜物

vi.倾斜

284.pornographer [pɔr'nɑɡrəfɚ]

n.春画画家；色情文学作家

285.zealously ['zeləsli]

adv.热心地，积极地

286.profile ['prəʊfaɪl] n.侧面；轮廓；外形；剖面

287.by the same token 同样地；出于同样原因

288.enormous amount of capital 巨资

289.approve of 赞成

290.musician [mjuː'zɪʃ(ə)n] n.音乐家

291.now and then 偶尔；有时

292.suffice [sə'faɪs]

vt.使满足；足够…用；合格

vi.足够；有能力

293.stream [striːm]

n.溪流；流动；潮流；光线

vi.流；涌进；飘扬 vt.流出；涌出；使飘动

294.anxiously ['æŋkʃəsli]

adv.不安地，忧虑地

295.subject to

使服从；使遭受；受…管制

296.swing [swɪŋ]

n.摇摆；摆动；秋千；音律；涨落

vi.摇摆；转向；悬挂；大摇大摆地行走

vt.使旋转；挥舞；悬挂

adj.旋转的；悬挂的；强节奏爵士音乐的297.literature ['lɪt(ə)rətʃə]

n.文学；文献；文艺；著作

298.strip [strɪp]

vt.剥夺；剥去；脱去衣服

n.带；条状；脱衣舞 vi.脱去衣服

299.consist of 由…构成300.inhuman [ɪn'hjuːmən]

adj.残忍的；野蛮的；无人性的301.ingenious [ɪn'dʒiːnɪəs]

adj.有独创性的；机灵的，精制的；心灵手巧的 302.instant ['ɪnst(ə)nt]

adj.立即的；紧急的；紧迫的 n.瞬间；立即；片刻

303.carelessness ['kɛrlɪsnɪs] n.粗心大意

304.soak [səʊk]

vt.吸收，吸入；沉浸在（工作或学习中）；使……上下湿透 vi.浸泡；渗透 n.浸；湿透；大雨

305.artificial [ɑːtɪ'fɪʃ(ə)l]

adj.人造的；仿造的；虚伪的；非原产地的；武断的

306.allergic [ə'lɜːdʒɪk]

adj.对…过敏的；对…极讨厌的307.sank [sæŋk]

vt.沉陷（sink的过去式）vi.沉陷

308.hold up

举起；阻挡；拦截

309.susceptible to

adj.易受...影响的；对…敏感的310.by virtue of 由于，凭借

311.poll [pəʊl]

n.投票；民意测验；投票数；投票所

vt.投票；剪短；对…进行民意测验；获得选票

vi.投票 adj.无角的；剪过毛的；修过枝的312.submerge [səb'mɜːdʒ]

vt.淹没；把…浸入；沉浸

vi.淹没；潜入水中；湮没

313.documented ['dɑkjə,mɛnt]

adj.备有证明文件的314.strictly ['strɪktli]

adv.严格地；完全地；确实地

315.perplex [pə'pleks]

vt.使困惑，使为难；使复杂化

316.intangible [ɪn'tæn(d)ʒɪb(ə)l]

adj.无形的，触摸不到的；难以理解的317.assimilation [ə,sɪmɪ'leɪʃən]

n.同化；吸收；[生化] 同化作用

318.discipline ['dɪsɪplɪn]

n.学科；纪律；训练；惩罚

vt.训练，训导；惩戒

319.stimulate ['stɪmjʊleɪt]

vt.刺激；鼓舞，激励

vi.起刺激作用；起促进作用

320.out-of-tone 失调

321.thoroughly ['θɝro] adv.彻底地，完全地

322.misperception [,mispə'sepʃən] n.错误知觉

323.sympathetic [sɪmpə'θetɪk]

adj.同情的；交感神经的；共鸣的；赞同的；和谐的；合意的

n.交感神经；容易感受的人

324.hearer ['hɪrɚ]

n.听者；旁听人

325.committee [kə'mɪtɪ]

n.委员会

326.plenary ['pliːnərɪ]