第一篇：佛教中英文翻译词汇

佛教中英文口译必备

佛教(Buddhism)

A Amitabha 阿弥陀佛 Anterior Tibet 前藏 一个大**，其庙叫祖卜寺(Tsurpu)Attisha 阿底峡 Avalokiteshvara 观音

B Bhodisattva 菩萨 Bon(Black)本教(黑)Budda 佛 Dorje(多杰/藏文)C Chapel 佛堂 Circumanbulate 转经道(v.)Circumanbulation 转经道 Circumanbulator 转经道的人 Consort 明妃

D Dakini 空行母 Deity 明王 Dipamkara 燃灯佛；宝光佛 Disciplinarian 铁棒喇嘛 Dorje 多杰(藏文:金刚)Dorje 金刚 Drakpa 和尚(藏文)Dratsang 扎仓(学校)Drepung 哲蚌寺 Drepung Monastry 哲蚌寺(拉萨三大寺之一)Drolma 卓玛（藏文：度母）Drolma 度母（女菩萨）

E Emptiness 空 Enthronement 坐床 Esoteric Buddhism 密宗 Exotoric Buddhism 显宗 F Form 色 Formless 无色

G Ganden Monastry 甘丹寺(拉萨三大寺之一)Ge－kor 铁棒喇嘛萨三大 Great Perfection 大园满 Green Tara 绿度母 Gulug(Yellow hat)格鲁派 Guru 和沿(梵文)H Hayagriva 马头明主 Hinayana 小乘 Holy mountain 魂山 Hutukta **(蒙文)I Incarnated lama 转世**

J Jampa 弥勒慈氏 Jokhang Temple 大昭寺

K Kaggu(White)噶举 Kalachakra 时轮(金刚)Kangyur 甘珠尔(佛语)Karmapa 葛玛巴 Khangtsen 康村(宿舍)Khatag 哈达 Khenpo 堪布(主持)Kumbum 塔尔 Kunbum M.堪布寺(西宁)L Labrang Monastery.拉卜楞寺(甘南)Lama 喇嘛，指大和尚 Lek Trima 妙绘赞 Lineage 传承 Lobsang 洛桑 Losang 洛桑

M Mahakala 大黑天(本教中神的名字)Mahayana 大乘 Main Assembly Hall 大经堂 Maitreya 弥勒慈氏 Mandala 檀城 Mandala 曼陀螺 Manjushri 文殊(菩萨)Mantra 咒语 Master 上师(和尚)Material 色 Medicine Buddha 药师佛 Monastry 寺院（比Temple大）Monk 和尚(小)Monlam 默然大法会 Monlam 传昭大法会 Mudra 手印Nga 阿 N Ngari 阿里 Nirvan 涅盘 Nyingma 宁玛 O Order 教派

P Padma 莲花 Padmasambhava 莲花生 Pagoda 佛塔 Palkor Chode 白居寺

Panchen Lama ** Partner 明妃 Pelden Lhamo 吉祥天女 Pelden Lhamo 班丹拉母 Potala 布达拉宫 Prayer meeting festival 传昭大法会 Prayer wheel 传经筒 R Ramoche Temple 小昭寺 Reincarnation 灵童 Rinpoche **(通用)S Sakya(Stripe hat)花派(萨迦)Sect 教派 Sera Monastry 色拉寺(拉萨三大寺之一)Shakyamuni 施加摩尼 Shantarakshita 寂护 Shantarakshita 静命 Sharipu 舍利子(骨灰)Sku－Vbumchen－mo 白居寺 Sontzen Gampo 松赞干布 Soul mountain 魂山 Soul yak 魂牛 Stupa 灵塔 Sutra Chanting Hall 大经堂

T Tara 度母（女菩萨）Tashilhunpo Monastry 扎时伦布寺(日喀泽)Temple 寺庙 Tengyur 丹珠尔(论部)喀泽 Tibetan Buddhism 藏传佛教 Tibetan Studies 藏学 Tibetan Tripitaka 大藏经 Tibetology 藏学 Tradition 教派 Trulku **(藏文)Tsam－pa 糌粑 Tsamba 糌粑 Tsang 后藏 Tsongkhapa 宗喀巴（前藏）U Union of happiness 乐空双运 V Vajrayana 密宗 Vajra 金刚 W White Tara 白度母

Y Yamataka 阿曼德迦;大威 Yamataka 怖畏金刚 Yidam 本尊 Z Zhang zhung 象雄 2 佛教专用语（附解释）

觉悟 to get enlightenment 三大语系佛教 Three languages of Buddhism: 汉语系佛教Chinese Language Buddhism 藏语系佛教Tibetan Language Buddhism 巴利语系佛教 Pali Language Buddhism 大乘佛教Mahayana Buddhism 上座部佛教Theravada Buddhism 金刚乘/密宗Vajrayana Buddhism(Lamaism)中国佛教Chinese Buddhism 佛经Sutra 经、律、论 Sutras, Vinaya, Sastra 大藏经Tripitaka Sutra 三宝（佛、法、僧）Triratna(Buddha, Dharma, Sangha)“三宝”加被 May “Triratna” bless 法师 Master/Venerable 长老 Thero/Venerable 大长老Mahathero/ Most Venerable 方丈/主持Abbot

佛教宗派Buddhist School 佛教仪式：Buddhist Ceremony/Buddhist Service for 和平祈祷法会 Buddhist Praying Ceremony for World Peace 礼佛pay respect for Buddha 颂经Sutra Chanting 香炉 Incense burner 上香To offer incense to Buddha 因果Cause and effect 成道/成佛To obtain the Buddha-hood 觉悟 To get enlightenment 三皈 go to the Buddha for refuge, go to the Dharma for refuge, go to the Sangha for refuge 五戒

follow the five commandments of Buddhism（no killing，no stealing，no sexual misconduct，no lying，no intoxicant）诸恶莫做，众善奉行，自净其意，既是佛教

“To do no evil, to do only good, to purify the will, is the doctrine of all Buddhas” 做功德to make contribution to 普渡终生to save all living beings from sufferings

四谛Four noble truths 八正道 Eight noble paths

善哉Sadhu(good or excellent)佛教寺院 Monastery/Buddhist Temple 山门The Front Gate 大雄宝殿 The Main Shrine Hall 圆通殿 The Hall of Universal Understanding 祖师殿 The Hall of Patriarch 观音殿 The Hall of Avalokitesvara Buddhisatva 罗汉堂 The Hall of Arhan 藏经阁 The Tripitaka Sutra Pavilion 斋堂 Monastic Dinning Hall 四大天王 Four deva-kings, the protectors of Buddhism 客堂Monastic Reception 韦驮Vitasoka/Vigatasoka, the protector of Buddhism 佛像 Buddha statue 四大名山Four holy mountains of Chinese Buddhism 弥勒佛Maitreya Buddha 五台山 Wutai Mountain is the Holy Place of Manjusri Buddhisattva 峨嵋山 Ermei Mountain is the Holy Place of Mahasthama Buddhisattva 九华山 Jiuhua Mountain is the holy place of Ksitigarbha Buddhisattva 普陀山 Putuo Mountain is the holy place of Avalokitesvara Buddhisattva 释迦牟尼佛Shakyamuni Buddha 迦叶佛Kasyapa Buddha 药师佛 Bhaisajya Buddha/medicine Buddha 阿弥陀佛 Amitaba Buddha 三世佛 Buddhas of Three Periods: Kasyapa Buddha of the past Shakyamuni Buddha of the present Maitrya Buddha of the future 观世音菩萨 Avalokitesvara Buddhisattva 毗庐舍那佛

Vairocana Buddha 菩贤菩萨 Samandhabatra Buddhisattva 菩萨

Buddhisattva 大势智菩萨Mahasthamaprapta Buddhisattva 文殊菩萨

Manjusri Buddisattva

地藏菩萨 ksitigahba Buddhisattva 善财童子Sudhana 罗汉 Arhan 西方三圣：阿弥陀佛、观音菩萨、大势至菩萨

Amitaba Buddha Avalokitesvara Buddhisattva Mahasthamaprapta Buddhisattva 达摩Budhidharma 摄摩腾Kasyapa Matanga 竺法兰 Gobharana/Dharmaraksa 佛学院 Buddhist College 僧伽Sangha 僧、尼（比丘、比丘尼）monk、nun(Bhiksu, Bhiksuni)方丈/主持 Abbot 首座Chief monk 监院/当家 Monastic Manger 侍者 Assistant 中国佛教协会 The Buddhist Association of China 中国佛学院The Buddhist Academy of China 会长President 副会长 Vice President 秘书长 Secretary General 副秘书长Deputy Secretary General 任持自性、轨生物解 retaining its own nature,such that it can be recognized 正觉 enlightenment 等觉 / 遍觉 erfect enlightenment

圆觉或无上觉 supreme or paramount enlingtenment 我空 Emptiness 缘起 dependent origination 八正道 the Noble Eightfold Path 十二因缘 the twelve-linked causal formula 因果律 the causal principle 究竟菩提心 Absolute Bodhi Citta修持六度(布施、持戒、忍辱、精进、禅定及智慧波罗蜜)、万行，并救度一切众生脱离轮回苦海的愿心。

轮回 Samsara(藏文kor wa)：依因缘而存在的存在形式。众生因为贪、瞋、痴(三毒或烦恼障)而流转于轮回，并承受轮回之苦。

僧、僧伽 Sangha(藏文 gendun)：法道上的伴侣。或泛指法道上的一切行者，或特指已开悟的圣僧。六波罗蜜(Six)： 布施、持戒、忍辱、精进、禅定及智慧

轮回六道 Six realms of Samsara(藏文rikdruk)：由于不同的烦恼或心识染污特质而受生于轮回的六种形态：天道:天人或天道众生具有强烈的傲慢心，必须历经变易之苦：阿修罗道:具有强烈的嫉妒、猜疑心，必须历经斗争之苦;人道:是六道中最幸运的，因为人道众生具有达到证悟的最佳机会，虽然他们有生、老、病、死之苦：畜生道:由于强烈的愚痴而受生，有深切的暗哑之苦：饿鬼道:由于强烈的悭吝而受生，有极端的饥渴之苦：地狱道:由于强烈的填瞋归鬼恚心而受生，具有极端的冷热之苦。

声闻 Sravaka(藏文nyen th)：指亲闻佛说法的弟子，或泛指修习四圣义谛而证悟成道，已经完全了知无我的小乘修行者（阿罗汉）。

十圆满 Ten Assets or Endowments(梵文dasasam pada，藏文jor wa chu)：益于修持佛法的十种因素：生于人道、生于佛法盛传之地、具有健全的心智、无极大恶业、对佛法有信心、值佛出世、值佛传法、值法传世、有修行者与修行的自由及具善知识之慈悲教导。三宝 Three Jewels(藏文kon chok sum)：佛宝、法宝及僧宝。

赤松德赞 Thrisong Deutsen(790~858A.D.)：西藏国王，邀请伟大的印度圣者及瑜伽士至西藏，并建立了西藏的第一座佛教寺庙「桑耶林」（Samye Ling）。

三藏 Tri pitaka：佛教的法教通常分为三藏，经藏、律藏及论藏。经藏，佛陀所说的经文；律藏，佛陀所制定的戒律；论藏，佛弟子所造的论述，主体是现象的分析，是法教的阐释或论述传统。龙树 Nagauna 化身 Nirmanakaya 又称为「应化身」，示现于世间，如释迦牟尼佛于此世间之化现。

涅燊 Nirvana（藏文nya ngen lay day pa）：完全证悟时所达到的境界。在文字用法上和轮回形成对比。莲花生大士 Padmasambhva(藏文Guru Rinpoche)：于第九世纪应邀至西藏，降服邢秽及魔障，并建立宁玛派传承，为藏传佛教之祖师。

波罗蜜多 Paramita（藏文pha rol tu phyin pa）：能超越轮回的具德行为。大乘道所修持的种波罗蜜是：布施波罗蜜、持戒波罗蜜、忍辱波罗蜜、精进波罗蜜、禅定波罗蜜、智慧波罗蜜。颇哇 Phowa（藏文）：一种高深的密续法门，是关于在死亡时将意识投射到善道的法门。

般若 Prajna（藏文she rab）：在梵文的意思是「圆满的知识」，也可以表示智慧、理解或辨识能力。通常它是表示从比较高超的角度（例如，非二元）来看事情的智慧。

世俗谛 Relative truth（藏文kun dzop）：和胜义谛（或译为圣谛、真谛）合称为二谛。世俗谛是尚末开悟的世俗人对世界的看法，亦即他们基于错误的自我信念而做的投射。

仪轨 Sadhana（藏文drup tap）：密续修法的法本，详细地叙述如何观修本尊的坛城及禅定。三摩地 Samadhi（藏文ting nge dzin）：又称为专一禅定，是禅修的最高形式。

止 Samatha or tranquility meditation（藏文Shi nye）：基本的禅修方法。修「止」的时候，行者通常盘腿而生，专注于呼吸并观察心的活动。

报身Samb Hogakaya 又称为「法乐身」，示现给菩萨。

轮回 Samsara(藏文kor wa)：依因缘而存在的存在形式，和涅乐相反。众生因为贪、瞋、痴(三毒或烦恼障)而流转于轮回，并承受轮回之苦。

僧或僧伽 Sangha（藏文gen dun）：修行道上的伴侣。僧众可能是法道上的一切修行者，或是已开悟的出家众。

经典 Satra（藏文do）：记录佛陀亲口所说的法，所集成小乘及大乘典籍，有别于金刚乘的密续（tantra）法教及阐释佛陀之语的论注（Sastras）。

经乘 Satrayana：经乘的证悟方法包括小乘及大乘。

悉达 Siddha（藏文grub thab）：有成就的佛教修行者，即成就者。悉地 Siddhis（藏文ngo drub）：佛教成就者的修行成就。

轮回六道 Six Realms of Samsara(藏文rikdruk)：由于不同的烦恼或心识染污特质而受生于轮回的六种形态： 天道，天人或天道众生具有强烈的傲慢心，必须历经变易之苦 阿修罗道，具有强烈的嫉妒、猜疑心，必须历经斗争之苦;人道，是六道中最幸运的，因为人道众生具有达到证悟的最佳机会，虽然他们有生、老、病、死之苦 畜生道，由于强烈的愚痴而受生，有深切的暗哑之苦： 饿鬼道，由于强烈的悭吝而受生，有极端的饥渴之苦： 地狱道，由于强烈的填瞋归鬼恚心而受生，具有极端的冷热之苦。蕴 Skandha（藏文pang pa）：蕴的字义为「积集」。色蕴、受蕴、想蕴、行蕴及识蕴等五蕴，是将物体的存在转化为知觉的五种基本功能。

声闻 Sravaka(藏文nyen th)：指亲闻佛说法的弟子，或泛指修习四圣义谛而证悟成道，已经完全了知无我的小乘修行者（阿罗汉）。

气脉 Subtle Channels（藏文tsa）：气脉指的是有气的能量或「风」，《梵文「波若那」（Prana），藏文即「隆（Lung）」》，循环于其中的微细管道，而不是解剖学上的脉。

空性 Sunyata（藏文tong pa nyi）：佛陀在二转法轮时开示外在现象、「我」或「自我」的观念没有真实的存在性，因此万法都是空性的。

密续 Tantra（藏文gyu）：金刚乘法教及其典籍。

十圆满 Ten Assets or Endowments(梵文dasasam pada，藏文jor wa chu)：益于修持佛法的十种因素：生于人道、生于佛法盛传之地、具有健全的心智、无极大恶业、对佛法有信心、值佛出世、值佛传法、值法传世、有修行者与修行的自由及具善知识之慈悲教导。三宝 Three Jewels(藏文kon chok sum)：佛宝、法宝及僧宝。

赤松德赞 Thrisong Deutsen(790~858A．D．)：西藏国王，邀请伟大的印度圣者及瑜伽士至西藏，并建立了西藏的第一座佛教寺庙「桑耶林」（Samye Ling）。

佛陀所制定的戒律；论藏，佛弟子所造的论述，主体是现象的分析，是法教的阐释或论述传统。不变的“我” 恒常的我 the self-same manner 此有故彼有，此无故彼无 Whenever A is present , B is present;Whenever A is absent, B is absent.Therefore, from the arising of A, B arises;from the cessation of A, B ceases.明缘起，即明佛法 One who discerns dependent origination discerns the Dhamma 一切众生，皆有佛性，有佛性者，皆得成佛

All living beings have Buddha-nature ,everyone with the Buddha-nuture may attain Buddhahood.3 佛教(Buddhism)

3.1 中国的佛教 Buddhism in China 佛教是中国最重要的宗教。通常认为佛教是公元67年汉朝时期从新疆传到中原的。在其发展过程中，对传统的中国文化和思想有着深远影响并成为当时中国最重要的宗教之一。佛教在中国的发展大体上可以分为以下几个时期。

第一时期是汉朝，佛教刚传到中国。在这个时期，传译了很多佛教经文，白马寺也是在这个时期建立的，标志着佛教教义在中国的第一次传播。第二时期是在晋朝（265—420），南北朝（386—589）时期，翻译、撰写了更多的佛教经文.从南北朝开始，中国佛教进入繁盛时期。第三时期是隋朝（581—618）和唐朝（618—907）佛教在中国迎来了鼎盛时期并取得前所未有的发展。隋朝帝王信奉佛教，唐朝帝王虽然信奉道教，但对佛教采取了保护包容的政策。因此，在这个时期，道教在中国取得了空前的发展。然而，在封建社会末期，由于社会动荡，中国佛教发展得佷缓慢。中华人民共和国成立以后, 实施宗教信仰自由的政策，中国佛教进入新的发展时期。现在，佛教在中国取得了巨大的发展，国际上的学术交流也扩大了。

Buddhism is the most important religion in China.It is generally believed that it was spread to China in 67 AD during the Han Dynasty(206 BC-220)from Hotan in Xinjiang to Central China.During its development in China, it has a profound influence on traditional Chinese culture and thoughts, and has become one of the most important religions in China at that time.In general, the development of Buddhism in China can be pided into the following periods.The first period is Buddhism in Han Dynasty when it was just introduced into China.During this period of time, many Buddhist scriptures were translated and explained.The White Horse Temple was built during this period of time and it signifies the first time of Buddhism doctrines delivered in China.The second period is in Jin(265-420), Northern and Southern Dynasties(386-589)when more Buddhist scriptures were translated and Buddhist writings came out.From the beginning of Northern and Southern Dynasties, Chinese Buddhism has entered its prosperous time.The third period is the Sui(581-618)and Tang(618-907)Dynasties when Buddhism welcomed its heyday and got unprecedented development.The emperors of the Sui Dynasty believed in Buddhism, and though Tang's emperors believed in Taoism, they showed a protective and tolerant attitude toward the development of other religions such as Buddhism.So in this period, Buddhism got a rapid and great development in China.However, in the late of feudal society, because of the social unrest, Chinese Buddhism was slow in development.After the founding of People's Republic of China and the implementing of the policy of freedom in religion belief, Chinese Buddhism embraced its new growing age.Now it is developing greatly and the international academic exchanges are expanded.3.2 佛教的宗派Sects of Buddhism

由于传入的时间、途径、地区和民族文化、社会历史背影的不同，中国佛教形成三大系，即汉传佛教（汉语系）、藏传佛教（藏语系）和云南地区佛教（巴利语系）。

Three different forms of this religion evolved as it reached the centers of population at varying times and by different routes.The social and ethnic background in each location also affected the way in which each of these forms developed and eventually they became known as Han, Tibetan and Southern Buddhism.3.2.1 汉传佛教Han Buddhism 传入中国汉族地区的佛教，经过长期的经典传译、讲习、融化，与中国传统文化结合，从而形成具有民族特点的各种学派和宗派；并外传朝鲜、日本和越南。

Buddhism was introduced into China the Han areas, after a long classic interpretation, workshops, melting, and the combination of Chinese traditional culture D, which form a variety of national characteristics and sectarian schools, and rumors Korea, Japan and Vietnam.佛教传入中国汉地年代，学术界尚无定论。古代汉文史籍中，有秦始皇时沙门室利防等18人到中国的记载。据《善见律毗婆沙》记述，在阿育王时代，曾派大德摩诃勒弃多至臾那世界（原注：汉地）；派末世摩至雪山边国。西藏多罗那他《印度佛教史》称达摩阿育王时，高僧善见至大支那弘法。南璺佛教史书则称派末世摩至支那。以上这些布教活动因无译述遗迹传世，无法证实。

Buddhism came to China's Han, the academic community have been inconclusive.Ancient Chinese historical records, there are anti-Qin Li when Salmonella Room 18 people to China and other records.According to the “law of good, see adjacent Posha” account, in the era of Asoka, Buddhism after the third assembled, had sent up to Dade Maha Yu Le abandon that world(the original note: Han);sent to the mountain side of Mount end of the world countries.Doro Tibet that he was “History of Buddhism in India,” said Dharma Ashoka, the Buddhist monk, see Tai Shan Shina preaching.Buddhist school called the South end of the world history books to Shina Mount.These missionary activities handed down because there was no translation of the above sites that can not be confirmed.汉建元二年至元朔三年（公元前139～前～126），张骞出使西域期间，曾在大夏见到从鳊贩运去的蜀布、邛竹杖，说明当时中印之间已有民间往来，可能佛教也随之传入汉地。汉武帝还开辟了海上航道与印度东

海岸的黄支等地建立联系。近年考古发现，东汉时的四川彭山墓葬中已有佛像，江苏连云港孔望山佛教摩崖刻像初步证实也属于东汉时期。东汉明帝于永平八年（65）赐楚王英诏言其“尚浮屠之仁祠，洁斋三月，与神为誓”，可见当时已有佛教传入。经典的传入，据传始于汉元寿元年（公元前2年）大月氏王使伊存口授博士弟子景卢以浮屠经（佛典），但究为何经，已失传无闻。历来均以永平年间（公元58～75）遣使西域取回《四十二章经》为佛法传入中国之始。此说是否为历史事实，近代颇有争议。因当时西域发生战乱，交通断绝，至永平十六年才开放。因此，只能推定大概在公历纪元前后，佛教开始传入汉族地区。传播的地区以长安、洛阳为中心，波及彭城（徐州）等地。当时人们认为佛教同道教一样是一种神仙方术，故桓帝将黄帝、老子和佛陀同祀，“诵黄老之微言，尚浮屠之仁祠”，把沙门视同方士。佛教在皇室成员和贵族中受到尊崇。

Han Jianyuan Two to Yuanshuo Three years(BC 139 ~ before ~ 126), Zhang Qian the Han Dynasty during the summer to see in a large traffic to go from bream Shu cloth, Qiong Zhu Zhang, indicating that China and India people exchanges has been may be introduced along the Han Buddhism.Han has also opened up sea lanes and the east coast of India and other places to establish contact.Archaeological discoveries in recent years, the Eastern Han Dynasty tomb in Sichuan have been statues Pengshan, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Lookout Mountain Buddhist cliff carved holes initially confirmed as belong to the Eastern Han Dynasty.Yongping Han Emperor Ming in eight(65)give Chuwang Ying Chao made the “Buddha of the kernel is still Temple, Jie Zhai March, swear to God,” Buddhism has been seen at the time.The introduction of the classic, reportedly began in the first year of life of Chinese yuan(2 BC)Taiyue Shi, Dr.Wang to dictate Iraq disciples kept the Buddha by King Lu(Buddhist), but why study classics, has lost no smell.Always are Yongping period(AD 58 ~ 75)Western emissary back “四十二章经” as the beginning of Buddhism into China.Whether it is a historical fact still remained a modern controversial.At that time Western war cut off traffic to Yongping sixteen years before opening.Therefore, the only presumption about the era before and after the Gregorian calendar, Buddhism began to spread into the Han areas.Transmission areas from Chang'an and Luoyang as the center, spread to Pengcheng(Xuzhou)and other places.Buddhism, Taoism was thought that the same technique as a fairy party, it will be the Yellow Emperor Huan, I worship the Buddha with “chanting faire dissatisfied, still the kernel Buddha Temple”, the Salmonella deemed alchemist.Buddhism in royalty and nobility are respected.Buddhism during the Han Dynasty was regarded as having its basis in magic in much the same way as Taoism and it first

took root among members of the royal family and aristocracy.晋朝时期，佛教在平民中广受欢迎。在公元401年，鸠摩罗什从月门关附近的西域地区来到长安，和3000名学士一起翻译了74 佛经。很显然，这是佛教在中国的传播史上的重大事件。在这个时期，另一个新的类，学者型官僚。他们汇集了既定的，流行的形而上学和佛教教义。在中国北方有不少，而在南方许多文人官僚们被誉为佛教精通者。王室家庭授予佛教僧侣和尼姑相当大的权限。到1768年寺庙如雨后春笋般出现，并增加许多僧尼。

The Jin Dynasty witnessed the popularization among ordinary people.In 401 Kumarajiva was invited to Chang'an from the Western Region that lay to the west to Yumenguan Pass and together with 3,000 scholars translated 74 sutras.Obviously, this was an event of great importance to spread of Buddhism.During the Jin Dynasty a new class emerged;that of the scholar-bureaucrats.They brought together the established, popular metaphysics and Buddhist doctrines.In the north of China there were quite a few reputed monks while in the south many scholar-bureaucrats were well versed in Buddhism.The royal families were passionate toward Buddhism and granted monks and nuns considerable privileges.The number of temples mushroomed to 1768 and with them as many as 24,000 monks and nuns.Monks were to become a new class in China and Buddhism took a firm hold on the country.在南北朝，佛教继续蓬勃发展。现在著名的龙门石窟，云冈石窟建造于此期间。最重要的事件是时达摩来到中国。他到广州，然后又到南京在那里他与梁武帝进行讨论。他们没有达成一致，所以带着问题的达摩来到少林寺。

Buddhism continued to flourish during the Northern and Southern Dynasties.The now famous Longmen Grottoes and Yungang Caves were constructed during this period.The most important event was when Bodhidharma came to China.He arrived in Guangzhou and then went on to Nanjing where he entered into discussion with Emperor Wu of Liang in the Southern Dynasty.They failed to agree over matters of doctrine and so Bodhidharma went to the Shaolin Temple.Bodhidharma was the first Patriarch of Zen Buddhism, the formation of which marked the independent development of the faith in China.This localized sect of Buddhism had a profound repercussion on Chinese philosophy and culture.隋唐期间，佛教在中国的发展达到了顶峰。唐代皇帝自称他们是老子—道教创始人的后代和参拜者，但在实践中他们认识到佛教的重要性。成立了一个翻译机构，在长安（今西安）首都城市，大雁塔佛经。玄奘是此时最知名的和尚，他的旅程是印度，为明代小说西游记（也被称为孙悟空）模型。

Buddhism reached its zenith during the Sui and Tang Dynasties.Emperor Wen of Sui ordered the restoration of temples and statues of Buddha that had been destroyed during Northern Zhou.Tang Emperors claimed they were descendents of Lao Zi, the creator of Taoism and paid homage to Taoism but in practice they recognized the importance of Buddhism.An Institute was set up to translate Buddhist sutras in the Big Wild Goose Pagoda in the capital city of Chang'an(today's Xian).Xuan Zang was the most reputed monk at this time, and it was his journey to India that was the model for the Ming novel The Journey to the West(also known as the Monkey King).慧能（638-713），是佛教禅宗六祖，不应被忽略。他著名的诗句，“菩提本无树，明镜亦非台，本来无一物，何处惹尘埃。”这句话被翻译为：“完美的智慧之树本来没有树，也没有光明的一面镜子，任何信佛者永远是清净的，哪里沾染灰尘？”这些已成为流行的诗句，帮人们进入心灵的禅想。在公元730年，慧能的弟子赢了与其他教派的辩论。此后，禅宗被介绍给韩国。Hui Neng(638-713), the sixth Patriarch of Zen Buddhism, should not be ignored.His famous verses, “Originally there was no Bodhi-tree, nor stand of a bright mirror.The mirror was originally clean and pure;where can it be stained by dust?” These words have otherwise been translated as: “The Tree of Perfect Wisdom was originally no tree.Nor had the bright mirror any frame.Buddha-nature is forever clear and pure.Where is there any dust?” These lines have become the first thing to pop into the mind when people think of Zen.In 730 Hui Neng's disciples won debates with other sects and Zen was strengthened in China.Zen was introduced to Korea in the 8th Century and to Japan at the end of the 12th Century.佛教深入日常生活，并在建筑，雕塑，绘画，音乐和文学产生重大影响。不过，在845由于社会和经济原因，佛教是禁止的。4600座庙宇被拆除，500僧侣和尼姑被迫放弃他们的宗教。佛教与儒学的结合导致了宋代唯心主义哲学和明时期儒家学派的形成。这种传统继承了清代与汉传佛教禅宗成为代名词。

Buddhism penetrated daily life and had a substantial impact in architecture, sculpture, painting, music and literature.However, Buddhism was forbidden in 845 due to social and economical reasons.Over 4600 temples were demolished and 260, 500 monks and nuns were forced to give up their religion.The combination of Buddhism and Confucianism led to the formation of Li Xue, the Confucian school of idealist philosophy of the Song and Ming dynasties.This tradition was

inherited by the Qing Dynasty and Zen became synonymous with Han Buddhism.3.2.2 南传佛教 Southern Buddhism 西双版纳傣族自治州，云南省信奉南传佛教。据记载，7世纪中叶，巴利语系佛教通过缅甸传入云南，但只持续了四个世纪。没有庙宇的建造和口头上的佛经被流传下来。南传佛教僧人在11世纪的战争逃去。

Dai people in Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan Province believe in Southern Buddhism.According to records, Pali Buddhism was introduced to Yunnan in the middle of 7th century via Burma but it lasted only four centuries.No temples were built and the sutras were passed on orally.Thus, Southern Buddhism faded and monks fled during the war around the 11th century.The existing Southern Buddhism entered Yunnan from Burma and Thailand after the wars.1277年书面傣语的创建和贝叶经出现了。在明代，缅甸公主被送往云南，嫁给了一个傣族地区统治者。大量的佛教寺庙建于景洪。这些都有助于普及老百姓南传佛教。凭借其宗教和政治相结合，南传佛教，吸收本地的文化，具有灵活的教义。和尚可以吃肉，可以还俗。妇女不出家。

In 1277 a written Dai language was created and the Pattra sutra appeared.In the Ming Dynasty a Burmese princess was married to a local ruler in Dai area and Burmese monks were sent to Yunnan.A large quantity of Buddhist temples were built in Jinghong.All these helped to popularize Southern Buddhism among the common people.With its combination of religion and politics, Southern Buddhism, absorbing Tai culture, has flexible doctrines.Monks can eat meat and can secularize.Women do not become nuns for to do so would break their ancestral line.一般来说，佛教是傣族人民之间的单一的宗教，并比他们的日常生活，像雕塑，绘画，民间传说文化的综合影响还大。年轻的男孩必须去寺庙和学习知识，直到他们长大成人。有些则是在寺庙做人，而从未还俗。从某种意义上说，僧侣承担传授民族文化的作用。

Generally, Buddhism is the single religion among Dai people and has a comprehensive influence over their daily life and culture like sculpture, painting and folklores.Young boys must go to the temples and learn knowledge until they become adults.Some remain in the temples and become monks while others return to secular life.In a sense, monks assume the role of imparting ethnic culture 3.2.3 藏传佛教Tibetan Buddhism

藏传佛教，也叫'喇嘛教'，开始于7世纪中叶。当时，国王松赞干布与尼泊尔公主Chizun和文成公主结婚了。受这两个佛教的公主，他皈依佛教，建大昭寺和小昭寺寺（小赵硅）。在8世纪中叶，佛教经印度传入西藏。藏传佛教完全形成于10世纪末。进化后在西藏，藏传佛教与政治独特结合。

Tibetan Buddhism, also called 'Lamaism', started in the middle of 7th century.At that time, King Songtsen Gampo married Nepalese Princess Chizun and Princess Wencheng from Chang'an(currently Xian).Influenced by these two Buddhist princesses, he coverted to Buddhism and built Jokhang Temple and Ramoche Monastery(Xiao Zhao Si).In the middle of 8th century, Buddhism was introduced to Tibet via India.Tibetan Buddhism was totally formed in the late 10th century.After centuries of development in Tibet, a unique combination of religion and politics with Tibetan Buddhism evolved.Buddha Unfolding Festival, Drepung Monastery 目前，藏传佛教可分为四个教派：宁玛派，噶举派，格鲁派，萨迦。Major Sects of Tibetan Buddhism Present Tibetan Buddhism can be pided into four sects: Nyingmapa, Kagyupa, Gelugpa, and Sakyapa.宁玛在藏语中思是'老'。宁玛派是藏传佛教中最古老的教派。它也被称为'红教'，因为在这个教派僧人和尚总是穿红色的帽子。噶举派创造于11世纪中叶，它是藏传佛教中有名的分支机构。它被称为“白教”是由于这个教派僧侣穿白色长袍，他们的寺庙都被漆成白色。在14世纪，宗喀巴创建的格鲁派鼓励僧侣过着简朴的生活和无私的精神。这个教派僧人戴黄色帽子，所以被称为“黄教”。在西藏，萨迦意思是“丰富多彩”。萨迦教派的寺院都被漆成红色，白色和黑色的条纹，象征着文殊菩萨，观音和金刚，因此它被称为“丰富多彩的节”。

Nyingmapa means 'old' in Tibetan.Nyingmapa is the oldest sect in Tibetan Buddhism.It is also called 'Red sect' because monks in this sect always wear red monk hats.The Kagyupa sect was created in the middle of 11th century, and it is famous for having the most branches in Tibetan Buddhism.It is called 'white sect' because monks belonging to this sect wear white robes and their temples are painted white.In 14th century, Tsong Khapa created Gelugpa sect.This sect encourages monks to live an austere and unselfish life.Monks of this sect wear yellow hats, so

it is called 'yellow sect'.In Tibetan, sakyapa means 'colorful'.Temples of the Sakyapa sect are painted in red, white and black stripes, symbolizing Manjusri Bodhisattva, Avalokitesvara and Vajradhara, so it is called the “colorful sect”.有许多藏传佛教寺院在中国，这是值得一游，体验地道的藏传佛教文化。著名的藏传佛教寺院包括：哲蚌寺，甘丹寺，拉卜楞寺寺，萨迦寺，色拉寺，扎什伦布寺和塔尔寺。

There are many Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in China, which are worth visiting to experience authentic Tibetan Buddhist culture.Famous Tibetan Buddhist monasteries include: Drepung Monastery, Ganden Monastery, Labrang Monastery, Sakya Monastery, Sera Monastery, Ta'er Monastery and Tashilhunpo Monastery.3.3 佛教对中国人生活的影响力

Influence of Buddhism over the Life of Chinese

在其悠久的历史，佛教对中华文明留下了不可磨灭的影响。许多单词和短语，起源于佛教。就以一口语短语,” 临时抱佛脚”的意思是”最后一分钟作出的努力”。这在一定意义上揭示了中国对信仰的功利性态度。许多人磕头、在寺庙烧香是因为他们遇到了困难。佛教和禅宗文学的痕迹是显而易见的。不少像唐时期著名诗人白居易的居士，但这并不妨碍他们一定程度上的自我放纵。正如今天的白领阶层去酒吧，唐朝学者去餐厅喝酒，调情。在今天的中国，佛教寺庙，佛教石窟及石窟和佛教圣山，特别是在国家或省级历史文化名城列出的，已成为旅游热点。

Over its long history, Buddhism has left an indelible impact on Chinese civilization.Many words and phrases have root in a Buddhist origin.Take a colloquial phrase as an example, 'to hold the foot of Buddha at the moment“ means ”to make a last minute effort“.This reveals in a sense the true attitude of the Chinese toward the utilitarian aspects of belief.Many people kowtow to whatever gods they encounter and will burn incense in any temple.In literature traces of Buddhism and Zen are obvious.Quite a few famous poets in Tang Dynasty like Bai Juyi were lay Buddhists but this did not prevent them from indulging in a little from time to time.Just as today's white collar classes go to bars, the Tang scholars went to restaurants to drink and flirt with the almahs.In today's China, Buddhist temples, Buddhist caves and grottoes and Buddhist Holy Mountains, especially the ones listed in the national or provincial historical and cultural relics, have become the hot spots for tourism.It is not uncommon for the income of a temple to

cover the expenses of a whole county or district.4佛教核心观点

Core Beliefs In Buddhism

1．佛教创立于约公元前6—5世纪的印度。

Buddhism was founded in India around the 6th to 5th century B．C． 2．据说佛教创始人为释迦牟尼。

It is said that the founder of Buddhism was Sakyamuni． 3．大约在2世纪，大乘佛教传人汉人居住的中原地区。

About the 2th century，Mahayana Buddhism entered Central China，inhabited by the Han nationality．

4．“三宝”即“佛”、“法”、“僧”。

The Three Precious Treasures include the Buddha，the Dharma(Law 0r Way)and the Sangha(the Monastic Order)．

5．佛教在中国一直与儒学、道教共存。

Buddhism has always co-existed with Confucianism and Daoism． 6．佛像和菩萨雕塑供奉在寺院里，让人们拜祭。

Buddhism has and Bodhisattva statues have been placed for worship in monasteries． 7．直到现在，小乘佛教仍然流行于傣族地区。

Up to the present time．Hinayana Buddhism(Lesser Vehicle)is still prevalent as in the regions inhabited by Dai nationality．

8．传统之间相互共存促进了有中国特色的宗教的形成。

Their mutual co-existence of the tradition has produced a religion with distinct Chinese characteristics．

9．同一个寺院里除释迦牟尼以外，还供奉了许多其他佛像和菩萨雕塑。

In addition to Sakyamuni, many other Buddhism has and Boddhisattvas statues have been placed in the same monasteries 10．佛教在中国传播时，僧人把“道场”中国化，为不同的菩萨安排了不同的“道场”。

As Buddhism spread throughout China，Buddhist monks added Chinese characteristics to the Daochang and accordingly placed different Buddhas in the different Daochang in China． 11．四个主要宗派为天台宗、华严宗、净土宗和禅宗，这四个宗派都形成于公元581年到755年之间。这些宗派在中国和日本有相当大的影响。

The four major sects(Tiantai，Huayan，Jingtu and Chan)appeared between 581 and 755A.D., and they had considerable influence in both China and Japan．

12．“八正道”为“正见”、“正思维”、“正语”、“正业”、“正命”、“正勤”、“正念”、“正定”。

This eight-fold path consists of right knowledge, right thought，right speech，right behavior，fight livelihood，fight effort，right mindfulness and right concentration． 13．修“八正道”的佛法修行人渴望实现“涅磐”。“涅椠”超越了死亡和诸种烦恼，脱离了生死的轮回，进人到安静、自在、无为的快乐境界中。

By following the eight-fold path，Buddhist followers aim to attain Nirvana, a condition of eternal and tranquil bliss that is beyond the limits of death，rebirth，thoughts and feelings． 14．释迦牟尼是一位王子。他年轻时，痛感人世间遭受的贫穷、苦难、疾病、死亡。29岁时他毅然舍弃物欲世界，出家修行。．

Sakyamuni was a prince．When he was young, he sadly saw that people suffered in poverty，pain，sickness and death．Around the age of 29，the prince made his break from the material world and plunged off in search of enlightenment． 15．传说，释迦牟尼来到一棵菩提树下，静坐苦思，后来觉悟成佛。

As the story goes，Sakyamuni came to a fig tree．He sat beneath it and then he slipped into deep meditation．Afterwards he achieved enlightenment and became Buddha．

16．“四谛”即苦、集、灭、道。

The four noble truths：life is suffering，the cause of suffering is desire, the answer is to quench desire, and the way to this end is to follow the eight-fold path．

17．大乘佛教认为，每个人与一切众生都有着同体的联系，佛祖不会入涅檗而抛弃众生，相反，他会继续普度众生。

Mahayana Buddhism(Greater Vehicle)holds that the fate of an inpidual is linked to the fate of all others．The Buddha doesn't float off into his own Nirvana，leaving other people behind.He continues to exude spiritual、help to those see—king Nirvana． 18．小乘佛教认为，涅桀之路是个人的追求。凡要证得涅椠者，必须自己走自己的路。

Hinayana(Lesser Vehicle)holds that the path to Nirvana is an inpidual pursuit．People who seek Nirvana must tread its path on their own．

19．天台宗为中国佛教最早的宗派，创始人为中国隋代的智颤。他以《妙法莲华经》为基本依据，将其他佛教经典分为“五时八教”，提倡禅定和佛教义理双修。

Tiantai was the earliest sect of Chinese Buddhism．It was founded by Zhiyi during the Sui Dynasty．Zhiyi took the Lotus Sutra as his basis； he classified the other Buddhist sutras into five periods and eight types of teachings and he also emphasized both meditation practice and scriptural study．

20．华严宗出现于公元7世纪，创始人为唐朝的法藏。此宗在公元7世纪后期传入朝鲜，公元725年到740年之间传人日本。

Huayan Sect was established in the 7th century by a Chinese monk，Fa Zang，of the Tang Dynasty．This sect reached Korea in the late 7th century，and Japan between 725 and 740． 21．禅宗是佛教的一个宗派。梵文“dhyana”的汉语音译为“禅那”，意思是“静虑”。相传印度的菩提达摩创建了此宗禅法，中国人称他为“达摩”。此宗重视禅定，认为人人心里都有佛性。

Chan Buddhism is a sect of Mahayana Buddhism．The“Channa” is a transliteration of the Sanskrit term“dhyana”．which means“meditation”．It is said that the founder of the Chan Buddhism was Bodhidharma who was known to the Chinese as Da Mo．This sect emphasizes meditation，it holds

that the universal“Buddha, nature” is immanent within ourselves．

22．净土宗以描述西方净土的印度佛教经典为基础，凡是一心专念阿弥陀佛的修行者和认为传统佛教的清规戒律太繁琐的居士，都可以专修此法。

Jingtu Buddhism is based upon a number of Indian Buddhist texts describing a pure land to the west．Especially it is designed for those, who devoutly chant the name of Amitabha and for laypersons who find traditional Buddhist moral rules and meditation discipline too strict． 23．藏族人信仰佛教。藏传佛教俗称“喇嘛教”。在公元7世纪吐蕃国王松赞干布统治时期，佛教传人西藏。公元14世纪末，藏传佛教有了不同的宗派，其中包括红教、白教和黄教。

The Tibetan people believe in Buddhism．It is called Lamaism．It spread into Tibet during the reign of Tubo King Songtsan Gambo in the 7th century．By the end of the 14th century，the Tibetan Buddhism had a variety of sects, including the Red Sect，the White Sect and the Yellow Sect．

24．公元前65年，佛教传播到中国。传播者为两个印度僧人，他们受汉明帝邀请，来中国建立寺庙。刚开始，由于主流传统文化的原因，佛教在中国并没有什么影响。

Buddhism was first introduced to China about 65 B．C．by two Indian monks who had been invited by Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty to establish a monastery in China．In the beginning，Buddhism did not have much influence in China due to the prevailing traditional Chinese culture． 25．在早期，佛教术语、思想，以及佛教的艺术形式必须中国本土化。初期的一种办法是用道家术语，其优点是让人听起来熟悉。

At the early stage，Buddhist word and ideas, as well as its artistic forms, had to be translated into Chinese terms．One early solution was to employ Daoist terminology，and this had the advantage of sounding familiar．

26．普贤的坐骑是白象，“普贤”之意即为德行无边无量。普贤是释迦牟尼的肋侍之一，有些寺庙把释迦牟尼、文殊、普贤同祀于大雄宝殿。

Puxian(Samantabhadra)symboHzes infinite virtue and is represented riding a white elephant．“Puxian”is considered to be one of Sakvamuni’s close assistants．In some monasteries，the statues of Sakyamuni．Wenshu and Puxian statues are placed in the Grand Buddha Hall． 27．阿弥陀佛又名接引佛，他随释迦牟尼得道成佛。接引佛为西方极乐世界的教主，能接引众生，往生西方净土。

Amitabha is also called Jieyin Buddha．Along with Sakvamuni．he attained the state of Buddha-hood through his perfect enlightenment．Amitabha takes charge of the Buddhist Western Paradise．and his work is to usher sentient beings into the paradise when they pass away． 28．弥勒佛通常供在寺庙的第一重殿。佛教传人中国后，弥勒佛迅速“中国化”，在民间广受崇拜。

The statue of Maitreya is usually placed in the first main hall of a monastery．When Buddhism entered China．Maitreya quickly took on Chinese characteristics and became popular among the people．

29．观音有三十三种化身，如千手相、十一面相、四十八臂相。观音有大慈大悲、救苦救难菩萨之号，他的法力广大，因中国古典文学名著《西游记》而家喻户晓。

Guanyin has 33 various images．including an image with 1000 hands，an image with 11 faces． and an image with 48 arms．Guanyin serves as the Bodhisattva of perfect compassion and kindness，helping the needy and relieving the distressed．His infinite Buddhist power is known in every household due to the popularity of the famous Chinese literary classic，The Pilgrimage to the West．

30．根据佛教经典，文殊菩萨是转轮圣王的第三太子。相传佛教传人中国后，他在五台山显相。文殊手持宝剑，表示法力广大、智慧超凡.According to the Buddhist classics．Wenshu was the third son of the Holy King in charge of reincarnations． Legend has it that as Buddhists entered China，Wenshu appeared on Mt．Wutai． Wenshu holds a sword that symbolizes his infinite Buddhist power and perfect wisdom． 31．根据佛教经典，地藏受释迦牟尼的委托，立下宏愿，在佛祖寂灭后、弥勒佛未降生前，尽度六道众生，拯救诸苦。皆如愿，遂成佛，称其为地藏。

According to the Buddhist classics, during the period from the Nirvana of Sakyamuni to the advent of Maitreya，Dizang Bodhisattva vowed to save all beings from suffering in the Six

Paths．He vows not to achieve Buddhahood until all the Hells are empty, and is thus therefore referred as the King of Hell．

32．四大天王被称为“四大金刚”，源于印度佛教传说。这四大金刚能够驱逐邪魔，护持众佛祖，保天下风凋雨顺，故多塑于寺院的第一重殿。

The Four Heavenly Kings are depicted as the Four Warrior Attendants(Vajras)．Their origin stems from an Indian Buddhism legend，and these kings are able to drive out evil and monsters．protect Buddhas，and assure favorable conditions for the growth of crops each year．Therefore, their images are usually placed in the first main hall of a Buddhist monastery． 33．根据佛教经典，十六罗汉是释迦牟尼的弟子。受佛祖嘱托，他们不入涅槃，长住人间，受世人供养而为众生造福。

According to Buddhist classics，Sakyamuni's disciples are sixteen Arhats．They are instructed by the Buddha not to ascend into the Buddhist Western Paradise，and instead they are asked to reside in the world, the human beings take care of them, and in return the Arhats bring benefit to human beings．

34．十六罗汉的传说受到了汉族佛教徒对于罗汉的崇敬，他们将罗汉的人数和法力“扩大化”，于是有了“五百罗汉”之说。

The legend pf the Sixteen Arhats gave rise to the esteem for the Arhats fron Buddhist followers in the regions inhabited by the Han nationality． In addition, the followers increased the Arhat numbers and magnified their Buddhist power, thus bring forth the saying about the 500 Arhats．

35.四圣谛，八正道和五戒。

The principles of Buddhist philosophy(The Core Beliefs in Buddhism)in practice are: The Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path and The Five Precepts....四个基本观点（四圣谛）THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS 第一：任何人都会有不满意和苦难，能正确应对就是圣贤。

The First Noble Truth Unsatisfactoriness and suffering exist and are universally experienced.第二:无理的欲望和依赖是不满意和受苦的原因。The Second Noble Truth Desire and attachment are the causes of unsatisfactoriness and suffering.第三：有办法消除不满意和受苦。The Third Noble Truth There is an end to unsatisfactoriness and suffering.第四：坚持如下八个规则就能消除不满意和受苦。The Fourth Noble Truth The end can be attained by journeying on the Noble Eightfold Path.46.八正道(八个规则)NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATH 1).坚持正确的观点理念。

不要歪曲妄想事理和规律。如衣服为御寒，整洁即可，非有它能；性交为生育，非有它获。富贵来自勤劳无害敬人，非争抢、非害人、非搞迷信所得。

1).Right View/Understanding(Understanding the Four Noble Truths)Practice self-less conduct that reflects the highest statement of the life you want to live.Express conduct that is peaceful, honest and pure showing compassion for all beings.5).坚持正当的职业。

不以非法伤害它人或生命而谋生，要从事养护和服务于他人的工作。如，不加入黑社会等犯罪组织，不聚众赌博，不参加卖淫、卖毒品行业，不非法渔猎等等。

5).Right Livelihood Earn a living that does not harm living things.Avoidance of work that causes suffering to others or that makes a decent, virtuous life impossible.Do not engage in any occupation that opposes or distracts one from the path.Love and serve our world through your work.6).坚持正确的努力。

在努力达到为善断恶的目标过程中，适度正常而为。相信不可能在短时间内就会取得很大成绩。如：在断恶时，会有反复；在行善时，会有怀疑，都属正常。不必气馁，不断努力，总会成功。

6).Right Effort Seek to make the balance between the exertion of following the spiritual path and a moderate life that is not over-zealous.Work to develop more wholesome mind states, while gently striving to go deeper and live more fully.7).坚持内省检讨。

每日内省，要保持自己的感受、情绪、想法、话语、做事等宜善他人而不损害他人。这样才能获得好生活。因为宜善生福、损害得祸、自己的思想观点言行表情制造了自己生活中的一切。

7).Right Mindfulness Become intensely aware of all the states in body, feeling, and mind.Through constant vigilance in thought, speech and action seek to rid the mind of self-centered thoughts that separate and replace them with those that bind all beings together.Be aware of your thoughts, emotions, body and world as they exist in the present moment.Your thoughts create your reality.8).坚持不断学习思考圣贤文、劝善书、心理学、哲学等，不断提高敬顺无害勤劳有益的能力，努力做到纯善无恶。

8).Right Concentration Deep meditation to lead to a higher state of consciousness(enlightenment).Through the application of meditation and mental discipline seek to extinguish the last flame of grasping consciousness and develop an emptiness that has room to embrace and love all things.47.五戒THE FIVE PRECEPTS（五种对自己的大害）

五戒是佛教信徒的基本道德准则。五戒是自愿执行的，而不是来自神的诫命。

从本质上讲，这些戒律能促进与人和谐，减少自己与他人之间的痛苦灾难冲突等。最基础性的道德原则就是：不害和有益。

The Five Precepts are basic ethical guidelines for the followers of Buddhism.They are undertaken voluntarily, rather than as commandments from a god.Essentially, these precepts promote harmony and reduce suffering between ourselves and others.The underpinning moral code has two qualities: compassion and loving kindness , which are used as the guiding principles in life.五戒：

1).我保证不生气、不伤害人。I undertake the precept to refrain from destroying living creatures.2).我保证不沾他人便宜，更不会偷盗。I undertake the precept to refrain from taking that which is not given.3).我保证不乱淫、不过淫。I undertake the precept to refrain from sexual misconduct.4).我保证不自赞，不毁他、不胡说、不告状。I undertake the precept to refrain from incorrect speech.5).我保证不沾毒品，不沾醉酒、不沾迷信歪理邪说。I undertake the precept to refrain from intoxicatants.48.因果报应Karma 因果报应是说有因必有果，也就是说，我们的一切行为都有结果。

Karma is the law that every cause has an effect, i.e., our actions have results.49.智慧Wisdom 真正的智慧不只是相信教义而是实践和了悟真相。

True wisdom does not simply believe what we are told but instead experiencing and understanding truth.50.慈悲Compassion

慈悲心的特质包括的愿与别人分享、随时愿意给人安乐、有同情心、关心别人以及照顾别人。Compassion includes qualities of sharing, readiness to give comfort, sympathy, concern, and caring.5 佛教经文典籍汉英对照 5.1 《心经》

《般若波罗蜜多心经》

The Heart of Prajna Paramita Sutra 观自在菩萨行甚深般若波罗蜜多时，照见五蕴皆空，度一切苦厄。舍利子，色不异空，空不异色，色即是空，空即是色。受想行识，亦复如是。舍利子，是诸法空相，不生不灭、不垢不净、不增不减。是故空中无色，无受想行识；无眼耳鼻舌身意，无色声香味触法，无眼界乃至无意识界；无无明、亦无无明尽，乃至无老死，亦无老死尽；无苦集灭道，无智亦无得，以无所得故，菩提萨埵，依般若波罗蜜多故，心无挂碍。无挂碍故无有恐怖。远离颠倒梦想，究竟涅槃。三世诸佛，依般若波罗蜜多故，得阿耨多罗三藐三菩提，故知般若波罗蜜多，是大神咒，是大明咒，是无上咒，是无等等咒，能除一切苦，真实不虚，故说咒曰：揭谛揭谛，波罗揭谛，波罗僧揭谛，菩提萨婆诃。

When Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara was practicing the profound Prajna Paramita, he illuminated the Five Skandhas and saw that they are all empty, and he crossed beyond all suffering and difficulty.Shariputra, form does not differ from emptiness;emptiness does not differ from form.Form itself is emptiness;emptiness itself is form.So too are feeling, cognition, formation, and consciousness.Shariputra, all Dharmas are empty of characteristics.They are not produced, not destroyed, not defiled, not pure;and they neither increase nor diminish.Therefore, in emptiness there is no form, feeling, cognition, formation, or consciousness;no eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, or mind;no sights, sounds, smells, tastes, objects of touch, or Dharmas;no field of the eyes up to and including no field of mind consciousness;and no ignorance or ending of ignorance, up to and including no old age and death or ending of old age and death.There is no suffering, no accumulating, no extinction, and no Way, and no understanding and no attaining.31

Because nothing is attained, the Bodhisattva through reliance on Prajna Paramita is unimpeded in his mind.Because there is no impediment, he is not afraid, and he leaves distorted dream-thinking far behind.Ultimately Nirvana!All Buddhas of the three periods of time attain Anuttara-samyak-sambodhi through reliance on Prajna Paramita.Therefore know that Prajna Paramita is a Great Spiritual Mantra, a Great Bright Mantra, a Supreme Mantra, an Unequalled Mantra.It can remove all suffering;it is genuine and not false.That is why the Mantra of Prajna Paramita was spoken.Recite it like this: Gaté Gaté Paragaté Parasamgaté.Bodhi Svaha!End of The Heart of Prajna Paramita Sutra.5.2 《盂兰盆经》

佛说《盂兰盆经》

The Buddha Speaks: The Ullambana Sutra

闻如是。一时佛在舍卫国祇树给孤独园。

Thus I have heard, at one time, the Buddha dwelt at Shravarsti in the Garden of the Benefactor of Orphans and the Solitary.大目犍连，始得六通。欲度父母，报乳哺之恩。

Mahamaudgalyayana had just obtained the six penetrations and wished to cross over his father and mother to repay their kindness for raising him.即以道眼，观视世间，见其亡母生饿鬼中，不见饮食，皮骨连立。目连悲哀，即以钵盛饭，往饷其母。母得钵饭，便以左手障钵，右手抟食。食未入口，化成火炭，遂不得食。

Thus, using his way eye, he regarded the world and saw that his deceased mother had been born among the hungry ghosts, having neither food nor drink, she was but skin and bones.Mahaudgalayana felt deep pity and sadness, filled a bowl with food and went to provide for his mother.She got the bowl, screened it with her left hand, and with her right hand made a fist of food.But, before it entered her mouth, it turned into burning coals which could not be eaten.目连大叫，悲号涕泣，驰还白佛，具陈如此。

Mahamaudgalyayana called out and wept sorrowfully, and hastened to return to the Buddha to

set forth all of this.佛言：汝母罪根深结，非汝一人力所奈何。汝虽孝顺，声动天地。天神、地祇、邪魔、外道道士、四天王神，亦不能奈何。当须十方众僧威神之力，乃得解脱。

The Buddha said, “your mother's offenses are deep and firmly rooted.You alone do not have enough power.Although your filial sounds move heaven and earth, the heaven spirits, the earth spirits, twisted demons, and those outside the way, Brahmans, and the four heavenly king gods, are also without sufficient strength.The awesome spiritual power of the assembled Sangha of the ten directions is neceessary for the liberation to be attained.吾今当说救济之法，令一切难，皆离忧苦。

I shall now speak a dharma of rescue, which causes all those in difficulty to leave worry and suffering, and to eradicate obstacles from offenses.佛告目连：十方众僧，七月十五日，僧自恣时。当为七世父母，及现在父母，厄难中者，具饭百味五果、汲灌盆器、香油锭烛、床敷卧具，尽世甘美以着盆中，供养十方大德众僧。当此之日，一切圣众，或在山间禅定；或得四道果；或在树下经行；或六通自在，教化声闻、缘觉；或十地菩萨大人，权现比丘。在大众中，皆同一心，受钵和罗饭。具清净戒，圣众之道，其德汪洋。

The Buddha told Maudgalyayana: ”The fifteenth day of the seventh month is the Pravarana day for the assembled Sangha of the ten directions.For the sake of fathers and mothers of seven generations past, as well as for fathers and mothers of the present who are in distress, you should prepare an offering of clean basins full of hundreds of flavors and the five fruits, and other offerings of incense, oil, lamps, candles, beds, and bedding, all the best of the world, to the greatly virtuous assembled Sangha of the ten directions.On that day, all the holy assembly, whether in the mountains practicing dhyana samadhi, or obtaining the four fruits of the way, or walking beneath trees, or using the independence of the six penetrations, to teach and transform sound hearers and those enlightened to conditions.Or provisionally manifesting as bhikshus when in fact they are great Bodhisattvas on the tenth ground--all complete in pure precepts and oceanlike virtue of the holy way--should gather in a great assembly and all of like mind receive the pravarana food.33

其有供养此等自恣僧者，现世父母、六亲眷属，得出三途之苦，应时解脱，衣食自然。若父母现在者，福乐百年。若七世父母生天，自在化生，入天华光。

If one thus makes offerings to these Provarana Sangha, one's present father and mother, parents of seven generations, as well as the six kinds of close relatives, will escape from the three paths of sufferings.And at that time attain release.Their clothing and food will spontaneously appear.If the parents are still alive, they will have wealth and blessings for a hundred years.Parents of seven generations will be born in the heavens.Transformationally born, they will independently enter the celestial flower light, and experience limitless bliss.At that time the Buddha commanded the assembled Sangha of the ten directions to recite mantras and vows for the sake of the donor's family, for parents of seven generations.After practicing dhyana concentration, they then may accept the food.When first receiving the basin, place it before the Buddha in the stupa.When the assembled sangha has finished the mantras and vows, then they may accept it.时目连比丘，及大菩萨众，皆大欢喜。目连悲啼泣声，释然除灭。时目连母，即于是日，得脱一劫饿鬼之苦。

At that time the bhikshu Maudgalyayana and the assembly of great Bodhisattvas were all extremely delighted and the sorrowful sound of Maudgalyayana's crying ceased.At that time Maudgalyayana's mother obtained liberation from one kalpa of suffering as a hungry ghost.目连复白佛言：弟子所生母，得蒙三宝功德之力、众僧威神之力故。

Maudgalyayana addressed the Buddha and said, “this disciple's parents have received the power of the merit and virtue of the triple jewel, because of the awesome spiritual power of the assembled Sangha.若未来世，一切佛弟子，亦应奉盂兰盆，救度现在父母，乃至七世父母，可为尔否？

If in the future the Buddha's disciples practice filiality by offering up the Ullambana basins, will they be able to cross over their present fathers and mothers as well as those of seven generations past?” 佛言：大善快问！我正欲说，汝今复问。

The Buddha replied “good indeed, I am happy you asked that question.I just wanted to speak about that and now you have also asked about it.善男子，若比丘比丘尼、国王太子、大臣宰相、三公百官、万民庶人，行慈孝者，皆应先为所生现在父母、过去七世父母，于七月十五日佛欢喜日、僧自恣日，以百味饭食，安盂兰盆中，施十方自恣僧。

Good man, if bhikshus, bhikshunis, kings, crown princes, great ministers, great officials, cabinet members, the hundreds of officers, and the tens of thousands of citizens wish to practice compassionate filial conduct, for the sake of the parents who bore them, as well as for the sake of fathers and mothers of seven lives past, on the fifteenth day of the seventh month, the day of the buddhas' delight, the day of the Sangha's Pravarana, they all should place hundreds of flavors of foods in the Ullambana basins, and offer them to the Pravarana Sangha of the ten directions.愿使现在父母，寿命百年无病，无一切苦恼之患。乃至七世父母，离饿鬼苦，生人天中，福乐无极。They should vow to cause the length of life of the present father and mother to reach a hundred years without illness, without sufferings, afflictions, or worries, and also vow to cause seven generations of fathers and mothers to leave the su