第一篇：六级翻译技巧以及话题

英语六级翻译对很多同学来说都是一个大难点，其实六级翻译也是有技巧的。下面来看小编为大家整理的2014年12月英语六级翻译技巧之词的翻译，希望对大家有所帮助。

(一)词的翻译

1.词义选择

所谓词义选择，是指词本来就有这个意思，问题是要我们将其在特定场合的正确意思选出来。正确选词是保证译文质量的重要环节，如果能做到在词语意义和字面形式上都对等当然最好，如果不能兼顾，则取意义，舍形式。越是普通的词，越是拥有繁多的释义和搭配，翻译过程中的词义也就越难以确定。选词时，要注意词义的广狭、所处的语境、词义的褒贬和感情色彩。

例1

原文：但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。

译文：However, New Year's Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gatherfor the annual reunion dinner.分析：“年夜饭”此处实际就是每年一度的团圆饭，为了让译文更符合英语国家的习惯，这里用的是annual reunion dinner，理解起来更容易。

例2

原文：人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联(couplets)„„译文：And doors will be decorated with red couplets„

分析：原文中“粘贴”的意思其实就是用对联装饰门窗，如果直译的话表达不出真实的意图，因此这里用了“decorate”，表意更直接。

2、词类转换

词类转换是汉译英常用的一种手段。汉语的动态性和具体性特点使其在语言运用上多用动词。英语则因其静态性和抽象性特点在语言使用上呈现出名词化和介词化倾向。在汉译英的过程中，适当转换词性，可以使泽文更符合英语表达习惯。

(1)动词→名词

汉语巾动词使用比较频繁，而且动词既没有时态变化的约束，也没有谓语动词和非谓语动词的形式之分，动词甚至可以充当句子的各种成分。相反，英语动词的使用受到形态变化规则的严格限制。一个句子往往只有一个谓语动词，大量原来应该由动词表达的概念，常需借助于名词，因为名词比较不受形态规则变化的束缚，使用相对灵活、方便。

例

原文：各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异。

译文：Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from place to place.分析：原句中“欢度”是动词，但是如果译文中也用动词来表达，则整个句子的结构显得罗嗦，不够整洁，所以译文中用了“celebration”来表达，使得整个甸子更匀称、清晰。

(2)动词→介词

介词与名词密切相关，英语名词的广泛使用使得介词也得以频繁出现。而且英语中有些介词本身是由动词演变而来的，具有动词的特征。因此，汉译英时，有些动词可以用介词来表达。

例

原文：但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。

However, New Year's Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner.(3)动词→形容词

汉语的一些动词也常常可以用英语的形容词来表达，这些形容词通常是与动词同源的词这样的译文有时比直接使用动词更地道、标准。

例

原文：在明朝和清朝时期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特别流行。

译文：It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing dynasties.由于语法结构和修辞的需要，汉语的形容词和副词也可以转译成英语的名词。

例

原文„„只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。

译文„leaving these living things to enj0Y this moment of dusk with full ease and freedom.(5)名词→动词

有些情况下，汉语的名词由英语的动词表达，此时汉语中修饰名词的形容词也随之改为英语中作状语使用的副词。

例

原文：地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异。

译文：Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the chinese New Year vary widely from place to place.分析：原文中“差异”为名词，为了符合英文的表达习惯，译文中将其转换为动词“vary”，原文中修饰“差异”一词的形容词“很大”转换为了副词“widely”，使译文更生动。

3、词的增补

(1)语法需要

由于汉英两种语言的差异，汉译英时往往需要补充汉语里省去的词语或没有的词类，以使译文符合英语语法的要求。增词译法在汉译英中实际上是添加原文为了语言简洁而省去的成分，增补的词多为冠词(英语所特有)、代词或名词(充当句子的主语、宾语、定语等成分)、连词和介词等。

例

原文：但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。

译文：However，New Year's Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner.分析：英语中用得最多的介词有at, by，for，from，in，of，on，to和with。这些介词是连接英语句子的重要纽带，在英语中起着极其重要的作用。汉译英时，要根据上下文搭配灵活地选择介词。另外，译文中增译“all occasion”来解释说明“除夕夜”的作用，使得除夕夜的作用更加突出，彰显r巾国人对于除夕夜的重视。

(2)意思表达需要

例

原文：这是黄河滩上的一幕。

译文：This is a scene taking place on the shore of the Yellow River.分析：在翻译“这是黄河滩上的一幕”时，增译taking place短语，使译文表达更为生动贴切。

(3)文化背景解释的需要

中西文化差异的存在使得英语和汉语包含着许多文化色彩浓厚且不易为译文读者所理解的词语。因此，在翻译过程中需要使用增词译法，把棚关文化背景知识翻译出来。例

原文：三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。

译文：The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang，the master mind.4、词的减省

所谓词的减省，就是翻译时，把原文中一些仅仅为了语法上的需要而存在的词、词组加以适当省略，从而达到译文通顺、意思完整而句子精练的目的。汉语中重复的部分可以是主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语等，在译成英语时需适当删减，以保持句子的通畅。

例

原文：为驱厄运、迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。

译文：It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house in order to

sweep away misfortune and bring in good luck.分析：删减了原句中的“进行”一词。

5、词的替代

重复是汉语中常用的一种语篇衔接手段，虽然英语中也用重复，但多是利用词语的重复来体现语义的强调或进行语言润饰。汉语以重复见长，英语则以省略见长。因此在汉译英时，可采用替代的方法来避免重复。在英语中主要有三种替代现象：名词成分替代、谓语成分替代和分句替代。

1.注意时态

汉语当中多主动，英语当中多被动。

2.注意用词

翻译重点考察语言的应用能力，所以在考试时，应尽量避免使用一些过于简单的词汇，而应选择一些更高级的词汇。比如“have to”可以换成“be obliged to”，“help to”可以换成“contribute to”。

3.注意搭配

这里的搭配主要指一些固定搭配。比如“学习知识”不用“learn knowledge”，而必须用“acquire knowledge”;“concern”后面的介词必须跟“over”而不是“of”等等。

下面给大家总结出了常见的一些搭配:

动词和名词的搭配：

raise awareness, adopt measures, take steps, adopt approaches

动词词组的搭配：

give a green light to, deepen one’s understanding of, pave the way for

形容词和名词的搭配：

compelling reason, ample evidence, harsh punishment

名词词组environmental awareness, coverage of crime, health effect

介宾短语的搭配in the media, on the internet, on television, in newspapers

表示某个特定意思的习惯搭配：

lead a fulfilling life, close the rich/poor gap, discriminate between right and wrong

have a higher chance of developing cancer, fail to achieve work-life balance

避免中式英文的直接翻译

improve the problem →solve the problem or improve the situation

接触暴力contact with violence→exposure to violence

针对儿童的广告advertisements about children→advertisements aimed at children.4.懂得变通词汇

另辟蹊径，试着用几个词去解释自己突然想不起的单词或者找同义词，近义词来替换。

如“匿名”对应的单词是“anonymity”，可以用“a unknown name”来代替。”美化”对应的单词“beautify”,可以用“make sth more beautiful”来代替。英语六级翻译常考词组有哪些?下面新东方小编为您整理了英语六级翻译常考词组100条，请大家熟悉记忆。

1.at the thought of一想到„

2.as a whole(=in general)就整体而论

3.at will 随心所欲

4.(be)abundant in(be rich in;be well supplied with)富于，富有

5.access(to)(不可数名词)能接近，进入，了解

6.Without accident(=safely)安全地，7.of one's own accord(=without being asked;willingly;freely)自愿地 ,主动地

8.in accord with 与„一致.out of one's accord with 同„。不一致

9.with one accord(=with everybody agreeing)一致地

10.in accordance with(=in agreement with)依照，根据

11.on one's own account

1)为了某人的缘故，为了某人自己的利益

2)(=at one's own risk)自行负责

3)(=by oneself)依靠自己

12.take„into account(=consider)把.....考虑进去

13.give sb.an account of 说明，解释(理由)

14.account for(=give an explanation or reason for)解释，说明。

15.on account of(=because of)由于，因为。

16.on no account(=in no case, for no reason)绝不要，无论如何不要(放句首时句子要倒装)

17.accuse„of„(=charge„with;blame sb.for sth.;blame sth.on sb.;complain about)指控，控告

18.be accustomed to(=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于。

19.be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of)了解;(=to have met socially)熟悉-

20.act on 奉行，按照„行动;act as 扮演;act for 代理

21.adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to)使自己适应于

22.adapt„(for)(=make sth.Suitable for a new need)改编，改写(以适应新的需要)

23.in addition(=besides)此外，又，加之

24.in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除„外

25.adhere to(=abide by, conform to, comply with, cling to, insist on, persist in, observe, opinion, belief)粘附;坚持，遵循

26.adjacent(=next to, close to)毗邻的，临近的 27.adjust..(to)(=change slightly)调节;适应;

28.admit of(=be capable of, leave room for)„的可能，留有„的余地。

29.in advance(before in time)预告，事先

30.to advantage 有利的，使优点更加突出地

31.have an advantage over 胜过

have the advantage of 由于„处于有利条件

have the advantage of sb。知道某人所不知道的事

32.take advantage of(=make the best of, utilize, make use of, profit from, harness)利用

33.agree with 赞同(某人意见)agree to 同意

34.in agreement(with)同意，一致

35.ahead of 在„之前，超过„;ahead of time 提前

36.in the air 1)不肯定，不具体.2)在谣传中

37.above all(=especially, most important of all)尤其是，最重要的 38.in all(=counting everyone or everything, altogether)总共，总计

39.after all 毕竟，到底;

1)(not)at all 一点也不;

2)all at once(=suddenly)突然;

3)once and for all 只此一次;

4)above all 最重要的;

5)first of all 首先;

6)all in all 大体上说;

7)be all in 累极了;

8)all but 几乎

40.allow for(=take into consideration, take into account)考虑到，估计到

41.amount to(=to be equal to)总计，等于。

42.answer for(undertake responsibility for, be liable for, take charge for)对„负责。

43.answer to(=conform to)适合，符合。

44.be anxious about 为„焦急不安;或anxious for

45.apologize to sb.for sth.为„向„道歉

46.appeal to sb.for sth.为某事向某人呼吁.appeal to sb.对某人有吸引力

47.apply to sb.for sth.为„向„申请;apply for申请;apply to 适用。

48.apply to 与„有关;适用

49.approve of(=consent to, be in favor of, favor, agree to, consider good, right)赞成，approve vt.批准

50.arise from(=be caused by)由„引起。中国式礼仪

每种文化都有自己的行为准则，中国也不例外。在中国，跟别人打招呼时，你或者点个头，或者微微鞠个躬。握手也很常见，但你要等到中国朋友先伸手才可以。另外，与西方社会的做法截然相反，中国人不太喜欢被陌生人触碰。所以不 要轻易地触碰别人，除非你完全有这样的必要。最后一点，根据儒家思想(Confiicianism)的观点，老人在任何情况下都应该受到年轻人的尊敬。你应该总是以老人为先，并对他们表本最大的敬意。

翻译：Every culture has its rules on how to act，and China is no different.In China,to greet someone, you nod your head，or you bow slightly.Handshakes are also common, but you should wait for your Chinese partner to initiate the motion.In addition，as opposed to those found in Western society，Chinese people do not enjoy being touched by strangers.Don’t touch someone unless you absolutely have to.Finally, from the perspective of Confucianism, the elders are to be respected in every situation by those who are younger.You should always acknowledge the elders first,and show the most respect to them.讲解：1.行为准则：有多种译法，如rules on how to act, rules of conduct或standard of behavior。

2.中国也不例外：可译为China is no different或China is no exception。

3.打招呼:即greet。

4.截然相反：可译为as opposed to。

5.在任何情况下：可使用短语in every situation表达。

6.以老人为先：可译为acknowledge the elders first。

吹糖人

作为中国传统的民间艺术，吹糖人(Sugar Figure Blowing Art)历史悠久，然而 随着中国经济的发展，这一艺术正渐渐消失。据说这一民间艺术始于宋朝，当时被称为戏剧糖果(operacandy)。吹糖人以糖作为基本材料，糖人艺人用自己的方法熬 ft,然g吹或各种人物。艺人先把糖加热到适当的温度，然后拉一些糖稀(syrup)捏成一团，再用各种技巧做出不同的形状,并涂上鲜艳的颜色。这种艺术是手、眼、心、呼吸和一定温度所需时间控制的真正结合。一项技术不过关，整个过程都会失敗。

翻译：As a truditional Chinese folk art, the Sugar Figure Blowing Art have a long history.But it is gradually disappearing in the process of economic development in China.It is said that this folk drt was formed in the Song Dynasty;at that time it wan called opera candy.The Sugar Figure Blowing Art uses sugar as its basic material, and the artists have their own ways to boil sugar and blow it into various figures.Artists heat up sugar to proper temperature, then pull some syrup and knead it to a ball.Then they make different shapes by using different skills and paint bright colors on the figures.This art is really a combination of hand, eye, heart, breath, and the timing of temperature skill.If there is one skill you couldn’t perform well, the whole procedure will be a failure.解析：1.历史悠久:可译为have a long history.2.戏剧糖果:可译为opera candy.3.以糖作为基本材料：可译为uses sugar as its basic material。中国民间艺

中国民间艺术与中国哲学统一于“阴阳(yin-yang)生万物”这一理念。这一理念源于中国原始社会，是对人类的人生感悟的哲学注解。中国人祖先的哲学论断是“近看自己，远观他人”。要理解中华民族民间艺术的原始艺术，这一结论必不 可少。人类的本能欲望是生存并通过繁衍(propagation)继续存在。人生来的首要 本能是求生，然后是长寿。从原始社会到今天，阴阳和永生的观念始终贯穿中国的社会生活和民族文化。中国民间艺术反映了社会的所有基本哲学理念。

翻译：Chinese folk art and Chinese philosophy are unified in the belief that yin-yang produces all living things in the world.Originated in Chinese primitive society, this was the philosophical explanation of human's perception of life.Chinese ancestors philosophical conclusion was to “look at oneself up close and other creatures from afar”，which is essential to the understanding of the primitive art to the folk art of the nation.To live and to continue life through propagation are the two instinctive desires of human.From birth, a person's first instinct is to survive, and then to live a long life.From primitive society to the present day, the view of yin-yang and perpetual life has permeated in all aspects of social life and the national culture of Chinese society.Chinese folk art reflects all of the basic philosophical concepts.讲解：1.阴阳生万物：可译为；yin-yang produces all living things in the world。

2.源于：可用originate in，spring from或stem from来表达。

3.人类的人生感悟：可译为human's perception of life。

4.近看自己，远观他人：可译为look at oneself up close and other creatures from afar。其中look at sth.up dose意为“近距离观察某物”。

5.人类的本能欲望：可译为instinctive desires of human其中instinctive意为“本能的”。

6.贯穿中国的社会生活和民族文化：可译为be in all aspects of social life and the national culture of Chinese society。

7.所有基本哲学理念：可译为all of the basic philosophical concepts。

每种文化都有自己的行为准则，中国也不例外。在中国，跟别人打招呼时，你或者点个头，或者微微鞠个躬。握手也很常见，但你要等到中国朋友先伸手才可以。另外，与西方社会的做法截然相反，中国人不太喜欢被陌生人触碰。所以不 要轻易地触碰别人，除非你完全有这样的必要。最后一点，根据儒家思想(Confiicianism)的观点，老人在任何情况下都应该受到年轻人的尊敬。你应该总是以老人为先，并对他们表本最大的敬意。

译文：Every culture has its rules on how to act，and Chinais no different.In China,to greet someone, you nodyour head，or you bow slightly.Handshakes arealso common, but you should wait for your Chinesepartner to initiate the motion.In addition，asopposed to those found in Western society，Chinese people do not enjoy being touched bystrangers.Don’t touch someone unless you absolutely have to.Finally, from the perspectiveof Confucianism, the elders are to be respected in every situation by those who are younger.You should always acknowledge the elders first,and show the most respect to them.解析：1.行为准则：有多种译法，如rules on how to act, rules of conduct或standard of behavior。

2.中国也不例外：可译为China is no different或China is no exception。

3.打招呼:即greet。

4.截然相反：可译为as opposed to。

5.在任何情况下：可使用短语in every situation表达。

6.以老人为先：可译为acknowledge the elders first。

中文热词通常反映社会变化和文化，有些在外国媒体上愈来愈流行。例如，土豪(tuhao)和大妈(dama)都是老词，但是已获取了新的意义。土豪以前指欺压佃户和仆人的乡村地主，现在用于指花钱如流水或者喜欢炫耀财富的人，也就是说，土豪有钱，但没有品位。大妈是对中年妇女的称呼，但现在特指不久前金价下跌时大量购买黄精的中国妇女。土豪和大妈可能会被人收入新版牛津(Oxford)英语词典，至今已有约120个中文词被加进了牛津英语词典，成为了英语语言的一部分。

翻译

The Chinese heated words usually reflectsocial changes and culture, some of which are increasingly popular with foreignmedia.Tuhao and dama, for example, are both old words, but they get differentmeanings now。

The word tuhao used to mean rural landlordswho oppress their tenants and servants, while now it refers to people spendingmoney without limits or those showing off all around.That is to say, tuhaoowns money rather than taste.The word dama is used to describe middle-agedwomen.However, it is regarded as a special word to call those Chinese womenwho rushed to purchase gold when the gold price decreased sharply not long ago。

Tuhaoand dama may be included in the new Oxford dictionary.Up to now, about 120Chinese words have been listed in it and became part of the English language.【真题】—科学发展

最近，中国科学院(Chinese Academy of Sciences)出版了关于其最新科学发现与未来一年展望的年度系列报告。系列报告包括三部分：科学发展报告、高技术发展报告、中国可持续发展战略报告。第一份报告包含中国科学家的最新发现，诸如新粒子研究与H7N9病毒研究的突破，该报告还突出强调了未来几年需要关注的问题。第二份报告公布了一些应用科学研究的突破。该报告还突出强调了未来几年需要关注的问题。第二份报告公布了一些应用科学研究的热门领域。如3D打印和人造器官研究。第三份报告呼吁加强顶层设计，以消除工业升级中的结构性障碍，并促进节能减排。

翻译：ChineseAcademy of Science recently published an annual report about its latestscientific findings and the prospect of the next year.The report consists ofthree parts:science development, more advanced technology development and thesustainable strategy of China.The first one includes the latest findings ofChinese scientists, such as the research of new particle and the breakthroughin the study of H7N9 virus.Furthermore, it highlights some problems we need tofocus in next few years.The second one announces some heated fields in appliedscience.For example, the 3－dimension print and the study of artificialorgans.The third one suggests people enhance the top design in order to getrid of the structural obstacles in industrial upgrading and to promote theenergy-saving and emission-reduction.【真题】—丝绸之路

闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路延伸6,000多公里，得名于古代中国的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要作用。正是通过丝绸之路，中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷术等四大发明才被引介到世界各地。同样，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器（porcelain）也传遍全球。物质文化的交流是双向的，欧洲也通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物，满足中国市场的需求。

翻译：The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the East and the West.It extended more than 6,000 kilometers.The Silk Road was named after ancient China’s silk trade which played an important role in the civilization development of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East.It was through the Silk Road that papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing of the four great inventions of ancient China were introduced around the world.Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain spread all over the world.Europe also exported various goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market.【真题】—治理污染

北京计划未来三年投资7，600亿元治理污染，从减少PM2.5排放入手，这一新公布的计划旨在减少四种主要污染源，包括500多万俩机动车的尾气(exhaust)排放、周边地区燃煤、来自北方的沙尘暴和本地的建筑灰尘。另有850亿元用于新建或升级城市垃圾处理和污水(sewage)处理设施，加上300亿元投资未来三年的植树造林(forestation)市政府还计划建造一批水循环利用工厂，并制止违章建筑，以改善环境。另外，将更严厉地处罚违反限排规定的行为。

翻译：Beijing is going to invest 760 billion yuan to curb environmental pollution in the next three years, starting from reducing the emissions of pm 2.5 emissions.The newly announced plan is intended to reduce the four major sources of pollution, including exhaust emissions of 5 million motor vehicles, coal-burning in surrounding areas, sandstorms from the north and construction dust in the locality.Another 85 billion yuan is used for establishing or upgrading the facilities of municipal waste treatment and sewage treatment.Besides, 30 billion yuan invests to the afforestation program in the next three years.In order to improve the environment, the municipal government also plans to build a good number of plants which can use recycled water and to stop illegal construction.In addition, Beijing will punish those people who violate the regulations of emission-reduction more severely.中西方对动物的不同解读

同一种动物在东西方不同的文化背景下所表达的含义不尽相同。在西方人眼里，蝙蝠就是一个邪恶、丑陋的吸血鬼(bloodsucker)。但是在我国南方，旧式住 宅的门上常常雕刻着蝙蝠，因为蝙蝠是好运、健康、财富、幸福的象征。西方人认 为孔雀走起路来总是趾高气扬，目中无人，头冠(crown)频频摆动，还不时开屏炫耀其美丽，这是“骄傲”、“虚荣”的表现。而中国人认为孔雀开屏是喜庆吉祥的象征，所以人们常用孔雀比喻美丽的人或事物。

翻译：The same animal in different culture backgrounds between the East and the West respectively expresses different meanings.To the West, bats are evil, ugly bloodsucker;but in southern China, bats are often carved on the doors of the old houses, because they are symbols of fortune, health, wealth and happiness.Westerners generally believe that the peacock always walks around with her nose in the air, swinging its crown repeatedly, and shows off its beautiful tail frequently.These are signs of pride and vanity.In contrast,Chinese think it symbolizes joy and luck that the peacock spreads its tail.So people often compare the peacock to beautiful persons or things.解析：1.东西方不同的文化背景:可译为different culture backgrounds between the East and the West。

2.上雕刻着:可译为被动形式be carved on„

3.走起路来总是趾高气扬，目中无人:可简译为always walks around with her nose in the air。with one's nose in the air即有“目中无人地”意思。

4.孔雀开屏:可译为 the peacock spreads its tail。

5.用...比喻:可译为compare„to„

京剧被奉为中国的国粹，来源于18世纪晚期的安徽和湖北的当地剧种。京剧是中国所有剧种中最有影响力和代表性的，在中国乃至世界享有声誉。京剧完美融合了多种艺术形式。京剧集传统音乐、舞蹈、诗歌、杂耍、武术于一身，以华丽的戏服、逼真的脸谱和程式化的演出套路而闻名。京剧脸谱上每一种图形和亮丽的颜色都有象征意义：红色表示忠诚，蓝色表示残暴，黑色表示正直。

翻译：Known as China’s national opera, Peking Opera originated in the late 18th century from the basis of some local operas in Anhui and Hubei Provinces.Peking Opera is the most influential and representative of all operas in China.It has won great popularity not only in China but also throughout the world.Peking Opera is a harmonious combination of many art forms.It is a synthesis of traditional music, dancing, poetry, acrobatics and martial arts.It is famous for its exquisite costumes, beautiful make-up or painted face, and established performing conventions and rules.Each of patterns and brilliant colors on the painted face has a symbolic meaning: red suggests loyalty;blue suggests cruelty;black suggests honesty.解析：京剧 Peking Opera

国粹 national opera

有代表性的 representative

完美融合 harmonious combination

杂耍 acrobatics 武术 martial arts

华丽的戏服 exquisite costume

脸谱 make-up or painted face

象征的 symbolic

忠诚 loyalty

残暴 cruelty

正直 honesty

中国民间艺术与中国哲学统一于“阴阳(yin-yang)生万物”这一理念。这一理念源于中国原始社会，是对人类的人生感悟的哲学注解。中国人祖先的哲学论断是“近看自己，远观他人”。要理解中华民族民间艺术的原始艺术，这一结论必不 可少。人类的本能欲望是生存并通过繁衍(propagation)继续存在。人生来的首要 本能是求生，然后是长寿。从原始社会到今天，阴阳和永生的观念始终贯穿中国的社会生活和民族文化。中国民间艺术反映了社会的所有基本哲学理念。

参考翻译：

Chinese folk art and Chinese philosophy are unifiedin the belief that yin-yang produces all living things inthe world.Originated in Chinese primitive society,this was the philosophical explanation of human'sperception of life.Chinese ancestors philosophicalconclusion was to “look at oneself up close and other creatures from afar”，which is essentialto the understanding of the primitive art to the folk art of the nation.To live and to continuelife through propagation are the two instinctive desires of human.From birth, a person's firstinstinct is to survive, and then to live a long life.From primitive society to the present day,the view of yin-yang and perpetual life has permeated in all aspects of social life and thenational culture of Chinese society.Chinese folk art reflects all of the basic philosophicalconcepts.长期以来，饮酒(white spirit)在中国人的生活中一直扮演着重要的角色，无论是帝王还是百姓。饮酒是中国文化的一部分。中国人的祖先在作诗、写散文时喜欢饮酒，在宴会上还会向亲戚朋友敬酒。但饮酒不仅属于文化人，也是普通人生活中不可缺少的一部分。人们在各种场合饮酒，如生日宴会、饯行宴会、婚礼宴会(wedding banquet)等。搬进新房或生意开业时，也会邀请人们来吃饭、饮酒。

参考翻译：

Drinking white spirit has been taking an importantrole in Chinese people's life from emperors toordinary people for a long time.Drinking white spiritis a part of Chinese culture.Chinese ancestorsenjoyed drinking white spirit while writing poems orproses and they also toasted their relatives and friends at the feast.But drinking white spirit isnot only for scholars，it is also an indispensable part of Chinese ordinary people's life.Peopledrink white spirit on various occasions, such as the birthday party，farewell dinner，weddingbanquet, etc.When someone moves into a new house or starts doing business，he/she willinvite people for dinner and drinking white spirit.围棋是两位对弈者之间战略性的棋盘游戏(board game)。围棋已有 3000多年的历史，可以说是所有古代棋类游戏的起源。围棋的规则很简单，但是有数不尽的策略。这就是围棋的魅力所在。下一盘围棋的时间短至15分钟，长至数天。但是多数情况下，下一盘围棋需要一或两个小时。围棋是综合科学、艺术和竞赛的游戏。围棋对于智力发展、性格培养和灵活的策略学习非常有益。难怪围棋已经流行了几千年，并逐渐成为一项国际文化游戏。

参考翻译：

Weiqi is a strategic board game between twoplayers.With a history of over 3,000 years, thegame can be regarded as the originator of all ancientchess games.The rules of Weiqi are very simple butthere are countless variations of strategies.This iswhere the beauty of the game lies.The time for one round of weiqi can be as short as 15minutes or as long as a few days.In most cases, though, it takes one or two hours to finishone round.Weiqi is a game that combines science, art and competition.It's beneficial forintelligence development, personality cultivation and flexible strategy learning.It's nowonder the game having been popular for thousands of years and is gradually becoming aninternational cultural game.唐朝时期，人们就在昌南建造窑坊(kiln),烧制出一种青白瓷(bluish white porcelain)。青白瓷色彩晶莹，有“人造玉器”的美称，因而远近闻名，并大量出口欧洲。当时，欧洲人还不会制造瓷器，因此中国特别是昌南镇的瓷器很受欢迎。在欧洲，昌南镇瓷器是备受珍爱的贵重物品，人们以能获得一件昌南镇瓷器为荣。因此，欧洲人就以“昌南”作为瓷器和生产瓷器的“中国”的代称。久而久之，欧洲人就把昌南的本意忘却了，只记得它是“瓷器”，即“中国”了。

【参考翻译】

In the Tang Dynasty, people started to build kilns tomake bluish white porcelain in Changnan.The bluishwhite porcelain was glittering and had thereputation of artificial jade, so it became famoushome and abroad and was exported to Europe inlarge amount.At that time, Europeans were not able to make porcelain,so porcelain fromChina，especially from Changnan，was warmly welcomed.In Europe，porcelain from Changnanwas luxurious article cherished by everyone, and obtaining even one piece of it would makepeople feel very proud.In this way，Europeans used Changnan as the code name for china(porcelain)and the place of its production，China.Gradually, Europeans forgot the originalmeaning of Changnan，only remembering it is “china”，namely“China”.【词汇解析】

1.烧制出一种青白瓷:可译为make bluish whiteporcelain，烧制可译为 make，“青白色的”可译为bluishwhite。

2.色彩晶萤:可译为glittering,意为“闪闪发光的”。

3.远近闻名:可译为be famous home and abroad。

4.以„为荣:即be proud of,文中译为„make people feelproud。

5.久而久之:理解为“逐渐地”，可用gradually来表达。

6.只记得它是瓷器:根据前后句，本句可译为only remembering it is “china”, 用现在分词作状语来表达。

脸谱(facial makeup)是指中国传统戏剧—京剧里男演员脸部的彩色化妆。它在色彩、形式和类型上有一定的格式。脸谱运用红色、黄色、白色、黑色、紫色、绿色和银色代表不同的人物性格。各角色的脸谱由油漆、粉和油彩画成，基本形式是整脸、三块瓦脸(San Kuai Wa Lian)和碎脸。这些脸谱类型被广泛用于代 表将军、官员、英雄、神灵和鬼魅。通过眼睛和鼻子周围形状各异的白色小块, 可以辨别出丑角(Chou actors)。有时这些小块以黑色勾勒，常称小花脸。

【参考翻译】

Facial makeup refers to the colorful painting on theface of the actors in Peking Opera, which is atraditional Chinese opera.It has certain format interms of color,design and type.Red，yellow，white，black，purple，green and silverare the main colors used for facial makeup to represent different characters.The facial designsfor the roles are made by painting, powdering and coloring in the basic forms of ZhengLzan(keeping the basic face pattern)，San Kuai Wa Lian(three-section face)and SuiLian(fragmentary face).These types are widely used to represent generals,officials，heroes,gods and ghosts.The Chou(clown)actors can be recognized by the patch of white in variousshapes painted around the eyes and nose.Sometimes these patches are outlined in black, oftencalled Xiao Hua Lian(partly painted face).【词汇解析】

1.脸部的彩色化妆:可译为the colorful painting on theface。

2.在色彩、形式和类型上:可用词组in terms of表达，译为in terms of color,design and type。

3.整脸、三块瓦脸和碎脸:“整脸”是最原始的脸谱形式，利用双眉把脸分为额 和面两个部分的脸谱;“三块瓦脸”是在整脸的基础上再利用口鼻把面部分为左右的脸谱;“碎脸”是三块瓦脸的变种，其分界边缘花形极大，破坏了原有的轮廓。这里可先音译成汉语拼音，再在括号内加以解释说明。

4.形状各异的:即“不同形状的”，可译为in various shapes或in different shapes。5.丑角:翻译为Chou actors，同样地，括号内可以加注解(Clown)。

6.勾勒:翻译为outline。

华佗是中国东汉(the Eastern Period)和三国时期(the Three Kingdoms Period)著名的医生。他擅长各个医学领域，尤其是外科手术。他被后人称为“外科圣手”(Surgeon Master)”和“外科鼻祖(Founder of Surgery)”。他是一个受过良好教育的人，熟悉古典文学。然而，他拒绝了高官的推荐，决定做一名给老百姓治病的医生。他在开处方和治疗疾病方面技术精湛。此外，他的名字总是和外科手术相联系，因为他被认为是中国第一个外科医生。

参考译文:

Hua Tuo was a renowned Chinese doctor during the Eastern Han Dynasty andthe Three Kingdoms Period.He was good at all fields of medicine，particularly at surgical operations.He was regarded as the “Surgeon Master” and the “Founder of:Surgery”，He was a well-educated man and was familiar with classical literature.However, he refused the recommendation by high officials，and decided to become a doctor to cure the diseases of the common people.He was highly skilled in writing out prescription and curing illness.In addition，his name is always mentioned in relation to surgeiy, as he was considered the first surgeon in China.中国的官方语言普通话在美国的学校中突然热起来。由于中国经济在21世纪的快速发展，美国的公立和私立学校纷纷在外语课程中加入汉语这一科目，或将已有的汉语教学项目进行扩展。据统计，在美国的学校中，有5万名孩子在学习汉语。但推动汉语项目的发展不是没有遇到困难。由于缺乏受过专业训练、持有证书的教师，一些学校很难加入汉语教学的竞争。当学校聘用教师时，它们通常直接从中国招聘，这种方式为文化冲突埋下了隐患。

【翻译译文】

Mandarin, the official language of China, is suddenly hot in American schools.With the rapid development of China’s economy in the 21th century,both public and private schools in America are scrambling to add Mandarin to their curricula of foreign languages or expandingChinese language programs already in place.By some estimates, as many as 50 000 children nationwide are taking Mandarinin American schools.To develop Chinese-language programs has met some difficulties.A shortage of professionally trained teachers with certificates has madeit difficult for some schools to join the competition.When schools need to employ teachers, they often recruit them fromChina directly, which is a hidden trouble for culture clash.【重点词汇】

官方语言 official language

普通话 Mandarin

快速的 rapid 课程 curriculum(pl.curricula)

已有的 in place

缺乏 shortage

受过专业训练 professionally trained

证书 certificate

招聘 recruit

文化冲突 culture clash

如今，中国正步入老龄化社会，因此独生子女一代面临着巨大的工作和生活压力。中国政府开始适当调整计划生育政策，允许一些家庭在特殊情况下生育二胎。但调查显示，很多夫妻迫于不断加重的经济压力，放弃生育二胎。因此，要从根本上解决老龄化的问题不能依靠出生率的上升，最有效的办法是建立有效的社会保障制度。

【翻译译文】

Nowadays, China is stepping into the aging society.Therefore, the only-child generation is facing enormous pressure both from work and life.The Chinese government has begun to adjust the familyplanning policy and allows some families to have a second child under certain circumstances.However, the survey shows thatsome couples abandon to have a second child due to the increasing financial burden.Thus, in order to solve the aging problem,the basic thing is not relying on the increase of birth rate.The best solution is to establish an effective social security system.【重点词汇】

步入 step into

老龄化社会 aging society

独生子女一代 the only-child generation

巨大的 enormous

调整 adjust

计划生育政策 the family planning policy

在特殊情况下 under certain circumstances

由于，迫于 due to

放弃 abandon 依靠 rely on

出生率 birth rate

有效的 effective

社会保障制度 social security system

和平稳定是发展的前提和基础。上个世纪，人类经历了两次世界大战，生灵涂炭，经济社会发展遭受严重挫折。第二次世界大战结束以来，世界经济能够快速增长，主要得益于相对和平稳定的国际环境。

我们应该恪守联合国宪章宗旨和原则，充分发挥联合国及其安理会在维护和平、缔 造和平、建设和平方面的核心作用。坚持通过对话和协商，以和平方式解决国际争端。

我们应该坚持国家不论大小、强弱、贫富都是国际社会平等一员，以民主、包容、合作、共赢的精神实现共同安全，做到一国内部的事情一国自主办、大家共同的事情大家商量办，坚定不移奉行多边主义和国际合作，推进国际关系民主化。

Peace and stability form the prerequisite and foundation for development.The two world wars in the last century caused mankind untold sufferings and world economic and social development severe setbacks.It is mainly due to the relatively peaceful and stable international environment that the world economy has been able to grow at a fast pace in the post-war era.We should abide by the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and bring into full play the central role of the United Nations and its Security Council in peace keeping, peace making and peace building.We should seek peaceful settlement of international disputes through dialogue and consultation.All countries, big or small, strong or weak, rich or poor, are equal members of the international community.We should work for common security in a spirit of democracy, inclusiveness, cooperation and win-win progress.Internal affairs of a country should be handled independently by the country itself and international affairs should be managed collectively through consultation by all.We should be committed to multilateralism and international cooperation, and promote democracy in international relations.从某种意义上说，汉语是一种很古老的语言，其最早的汉字已有近四千年的历史了。汉字在其漫长的发展史中演化成许多不同的书写形式，例如篆书、隶书、楷书和行书。中国书法家往往使汉字的字形夸张以取得艺术效果，例如旅游胜地的一些石刻碑文。中国书法是一门研究艺术，随着各位学习兴趣的提高，我们将适时介绍中国书法的流派，以及如何欣赏中国书法的艺术性。

【翻译译文】

In a sense, Chinese is a very old language, and its earliest characters date back nearly four thousand years ago.During their long history of development, Chinese characters have evolved into many different script forms, such as the Seal script, Clerical script, Regular script and Running script.Chinese calligraphers usually render

their Chinese characters in ways that exaggerate the form to yield artistic beauty, such as those in stone inscriptions

seen in tourist resorts.Chinese calligraphy is a subject of artistic study.As your interest in Chinese character system

increases in the days to come, we will introduce in due time the different schools of Chinese calligraphy, and how to

appreciate the artistic beauty of Chinese calligraphy.【重点词汇】

从某种意义上说 in a sense 汉字 Chinese character 演化 evolve 书写形式 script form 篆书 Seal script 隶书 Clerical script 楷书 Regular script 行书 Running script 书法家 calligrapher 致使 render 取得 yield 旅游胜地 tourist resort 石刻碑文 stone inscription 适时 in due time 欣赏 appreciate 中国神话故事

尽管中国古代神话(mythology)没有十分完整的情节，神话人物也没有系统的家谱(genealogy)，但它们却有着鲜明的东方文化特色，其中尤为显著的是它的尚德精神(the spirit of esteeming virtue)。这种尚德精神在与西方神话特别是希腊神话比较时，显得更加突出。在西方神话尤其是希腊神话中，对神的褒贬标准多以智慧、力量为准则，而中国古代神话对神的褒贬则多以道德为准绳。这种思维方式深植于中国的文化之中。几千年来，这种尚德精神影响着人们对历史人物的品评与现实人物的期望。

译文：

Although ancient Chinese mythology does not have relatively complete plot and mythological figures don't have systematic genealogy, they have distinct features of oriental culture, among which the spirit of esteeming virtue is particularly significant.When compared with Western mythology, especially Greek mythology, this spirit of esteeming virtue is even more prominent.In Western mythology, especially Greek mythology,the criteria for judging whether a god is good or not are mostly the god's wisdom and strength,while in ancient Chinese mythology, the criterion lies in morality.This way of thinking is deeply rooted in Chinese culture.For thousands of years, this spirit of esteeming virtue has affected people's comments on historical figures and expectations of real people.敬茶礼仪

当今社会，客来敬茶已经成为人们日常社交和家庭生活中普遍的往来礼仪。俗话说:酒满茶半。上茶时应以右手端茶，从客人的右方奉上，并时带微笑。当然，喝茶的客人也要以礼还礼，双手接过，点头致谢。品茶时，讲究小口品饮，其妙趣在于意会而不可言传。另外，可适当称赞主人茶好。总之，敬茶是国人礼仪中待客的一种日常礼节，也是社会交往的一项内容，不仅是对客人、朋友的尊重, 也能体现自己的修养(self-cultivation)。

翻译：

Nowadays, offering tea to guests has becomecommon etiquette in daily social interaction andfamily life.As the saying goes, white spirit, full cup;tea, half cup.Tea cup should be held on the righthand and offered to guests with a smile from theirright side.Of course,the guests should pay respect as well, taking over the cup with bothhands and nodding to express his thanks.When tasting tea,you should drink it in small sips,the beauty and fun of which is beyond words.In addition, you could praise the tea of theowner appropriately.In short, offering tea is a daily ritual of Chinese people when receivingguests and it is also part of social interaction.It can not only show respect to guests andfriends, but also reflect your self-cultivation.词汇详解：

1.敬茶:可以理解为“献茶”，故译为offer tea。

2.俗话说:可译为as the saying goes,固定译法。

3.酒满茶半:可译为white spirit，full cup;tea，halfcup。在中国的餐桌文化里，酒要倒满，而茶要倒半杯。

4.以礼还礼:可译为pay respect as well。

5.讲究小口品饮:即drink it in small sips。其中，sip作名词，意为“小口喝”;也可以作动词，例如Mike sipped hisdrink quickly.(迈克快速地喝了 一小口饮料。)词组take a sip表示“喝一小口，抿一口。”

6.日常礼节:可译为daily ritual。

7.对客人、朋友的尊重:可译为动词词组，即show respect to guests and friends。

景德镇瓷器

景德镇(Jingdezhen)位于江西省东北部，以瓷器而闻名，历来被誉为中国的 “千年瓷都”。在景德镇出产的各类瓷器中，尤以青花瓷(blue and white porcelain)最为突出。清代是青花瓷的鼎盛时期，景德镇青花瓷以其烧造精致而独占鳌头。新中国成立后，在景德镇设立了人民瓷厂(People'sPorcelain Factory)专门生产青花瓷。景德镇青花瓷造型优美，色彩绚丽，装饰精美，是景德镇四大传统名瓷之一，素有“永不凋谢的青花”之称。青花瓷远销世界各地，受到世界人民的喜爱。

翻译：

Jingdezhen，located in the northeast of JiangxiProvince，is famous for porcelain and is honored as“home of porcelain for thousands of years” inChina.Among different types of porcelain producedin Jingdezhen，blue and white porcelain is the mostrenowned.Blue and white porcelain reached its peak in the Qing Dynasty.Blue and whiteporcelain from Jingdezhen ranked first for its fine production.After new China was founded,People's Porcelain Factory was set up in Jingdezhen to produce blue and white porcelainspecially.Blue and white porcelain from Jingdezhen is elegantly shaped，rich in color anddelicately decorated.It is one of the four famous traditional types of porcelain in Jingdezhen,and enjoys the reputation of “ever-green blue and white porcelain”.Blue and white porcelainhas been sold to countries all over the world and is liked by people around the world.词汇详解：

1.位于:可译为be located in,也可用lie in或be situated in等来表达。

2.被誉为:可译为be honored as，也可译为be praisedas。

3.清代是青花瓷的鼎盛时期:本句可以理解为“青花瓷在清代达到顶峰”，其中 “达到顶峰”可以用reach its peak表达。

4.专门生产:其中“专门”可译为specially。

5.色彩約丽:即“色彩丰富”，可译为rich in color，也可以用形容词colorful表达。

6.永不凋谢的:可以理解为“常青的”，即ever-green。

丁克家庭

中国有一句俗语叫做“不孝有三，无后为大”。但现在，很多时尚的年轻夫妇选择不生育孩子的生活方式，组建了丁克家庭。很多夫妻担心无法给孩子提供优越的生活条件，选择成为丁克家庭。现在，孩子的教育费用比过去高很多。在大城市，送孩子上好一点的幼儿园要花费巨资，重点中小学的学费更高。还有一些夫妻成为丁克家庭是迫不得已。当他们做好准备生育孩子时，已经错过了最佳生育年龄。

译文：

A popular saying has it that “There are three forms of unfilial conduct, of which the worst is to have no descendants.”But now, it is quite fashionable for many young couples to choose a lifestyle without kids and organize the DINK family.Some couples who choose DINK family are fearful that they cannot provide favourable living conditions for children.Nowadays, the cost of educating a child is much higher than that of the past.In a big city, to send a child to a better kindergarten takes a large amount of money and the key primary or secondary schools are even more expensive.Some couples who have chosen DINK family are obliged to do so.When they make preparations for having a baby, it is a pity that they have missed the most fertile years.翻译词汇：

不孝有三，无后为大。There are three forms of unfilial conduct, of which the worst is to have no descendants.时尚的 fashionable

生活方式 lifestyle

丁克家庭 DINK family

担心 fearful

优越的 favourable

重点中小学 the key primary or secondary school

迫不得已 be obliged to do sth.做好准备 make preparations for

赡养父母

在大家庭里，老一辈人的意见受到尊重，小一辈人得到全家的呵护。中国宪法规定赡养父母是成年子女义不容辞的责任。在城市里，不和家里老人一起住的年轻夫妇给老人提供生活费并帮助他们干家务活儿。在农村，尽管大家庭解体了，许多结了婚的儿子和他的家人还和父母住在同一个院子里。对他们来说，分家不过是分灶而已。结了婚的儿子往往把房子盖在父母家附近，这样父母和子女互相帮助、探望都和过去一样方便。

译文：

In extended families, the older members’ opinions are respected, and the youngest members are loved and taken good care of by all.China’s Constitution stipulates that grown-up children are duty-bound to support their parents.In the cities, couples who do not live with their aged parents offer them living allowances and help them with the chores.In the countryside, though quite a number of extended families have dissolved, many married sons and their families continue to live in the same courtyard with their parents.To them, breaking up the extended family means only cooking their meals separately.Most often they have their houses built near their parents’ home, making it convenient for parents and children to help and visit each other as before.翻译词汇：

大家庭 extended family

宪法 Constitution

规定 stipulate

义不容辞的责任 duty-bound

生活费 living allowance

家务活 chore

解体 dissolve

分家 breaking up the extended family

分灶 cook their meals separately

歌谣和神话

远在文字出现之前，歌谣跟口头流传的神话就已大量产生。中国的文学正是开始于此。不过，歌谣本是人们在生活中随兴而发的东西，上古时代也没有保存和记载它们的方式，因此也就很快湮灭，不留痕迹。如今，我们只能从一些古书中推断它们的存在。古书中记载了一些年代非常久远的歌谣，但是大多出于后人的伪托，能够断定出处的歌谣要到《诗经》里才能看见。从这点来看，古代神话对中国文学的影响更为显著。

翻译词汇：

歌谣 ballad

随兴而发 improvise

痕迹 trace

推断 deduce

年代非常久远的 time-honored

伪托 derivative

《诗经》 The Book of Songs

译文：

Long before the emergence of the written word, ballads and myths, passed around by word of mouth, were widely popular.Chinese literature finds its origins in these traditions.However, ballads were what people improvised out of daily life, and due to lack of means to record and preserve them in ancient times, they quickly disappeared without leaving much of a trace.Today, we can only deduce their existence from ancient books, which recorded some time-honored ballads, though most of these are believed to be derivatives of later generations.Ballads in The Book of Songs are the earliest writings that can be dated.From this point of view, ancient mythology has had a greater influence on Chinese literature.中国书法

书法(calligraphy)是中国文化的精髓。书法在中国随处可见，与日常生活紧密相连。书法作品能装点客厅、书房和卧室。它是将汉字写在吸水性良好的宣纸(Xuan paper)上，然后将作品贴在一块镶有丝绸边的厚纸上，安上卷轴（scroll)或用画框装裱起来挂在墙上。书法作品通常是一首诗、一副对联或主人很喜欢的座右铭。主人亲自书写的作品将体现他的愿望、兴趣以及文学或艺术才华。一幅书法作品可以给白色的墙壁增添活力，为宾客友人带来快乐。

译文：

Calligraphy is the essence of Chinese culture.It can be found everywhere in China, and is closely linked to daily life.Calligraphic works decorate sitting rooms, studies and bedrooms.The Chinese characters are written on Xuan paper which is good at absorbing ink.The work will be pasted on a piece of thick paper with a silk edge, and then mounted on a scroll or put into a picture frame for hanging on the wall.Usually, a calligraphic work contains a poem, a pair of couplets or a motto the owner likes very much.If the calligraphic work is written by the owner himself, it will demonstrate his wish and interest as well as his literary or artistic talent.A calligraphic work can bring vitality to the white wall,pleasure to guests and friends.翻译词汇：

1...的精髓:可译为the essence of。essence在这里意为“精髓，精华，另外它还有“本质”的意思。

2.随处可见:文中译为can be found everywhere，还可以用can be seen everywhere表达。

3.吸水性良好的:可理解为“善于吸水的”，即is good at absorbing ink。

4.安上卷轴:可译为mounted on a scroll。其中mount意为“安装”。

5.装裱起来:可理解为“放进画框”，译为put into a picture frame。

6.一副对联:可译为a pair of couplets。其中couplet意为“对联；对句”。

7.艺术才华:可译为 artistic talent。

8.增添活力:可译为bring vitality to，即“为...带来活力”。

中国礼仪

中国文化中，一个家庭或一个组织中最年长的人享有最多的尊敬、荣誉和尊严。对家庭女性而言，最高辈分的长媳比其余的媳妇和儿媳(daughter-in-law)更有权力。年轻人会称呼年长的人“爷爷”、“奶奶”、“叔叔”和“婶婶”以示尊重，即使和那个人没有血缘关系(blood lineage)。中国人坚持的一个传统就是当父母上年纪时候要一直亲自照顾他们。

译文：

In Chinese culture, the oldest person in a family or an organization has the most respect, honor, and dignity.For family ladies, the first elder wife holds more power than the next wives and daughters-in-law.The young people will call an older person “Ye Ye”(grandfather), “Nai Nai”(grandmother), “Shu Shu”(uncle), and “Shen Shen”(aunt)as a sign of respect even if there is not blood lineage.A tradition that Chinese people hold on to is taking care of their parents personally when they get older.光棍节

光棍节(Singles'Day)-11月11日是在20世纪90年代开始流行的。单身青年互相请客吃饭或送礼物给心上人，以告别单身。赠送礼物的传统使光棍节成为购物节，因为所有销售商，从卖珠宝的到卖电视的，甚至到卖汽车的，都看到了这个营销机会，并推出了光棍节促销活动。这是美国“网络星期一(CyberMonday)”—感恩节周末后的第一天—的翻版，这天圣诞采购开始，是商人售卖最忙碌的一天。

译文：

Singles，Day —Nov.11 began to gain its popularityin the 1990s.Unattached young people would treateach other to dinner or give gifts to the personhe/she loves to end their single status.That gift-giving helped to turn Singles'Day into a shoppingfestival as sellers of everything from jewelry to TVs，even to cars saw a marketingopportunity and launched Singles'Day sales.It is similar to Monday in the United States—theday after Thanksgiving weekend，when online Christmas shopping begins and merchants havetheir busiest sales day.中国幸运数字

中国幸运数字(lucky numbers)的概念与其他文化相似。对广东人来说，区别好数字与坏数字的关键是根据发音。例如，2是幸运的，因为它和“容易”的发音相似。3与生活有关。4在汉语里听起来像“死”。6代表好运。8与“繁荣”有关，所有场合都适用。9与“永恒(eternity)”相联系。起初只有皇家(the imperial family)才能用9。例如，故宫就设计有9999个房间。

译文：

The Chinese concept of lucky numbers is similar tothat of other cultures.The key to distinguish goodor bad numbers for Cantonese is based on sound,For example, the number two is fortunate, becauseit is similar to the sound of “easy”.Three isassociated with living.The number four sounds like “death”in Chinese.Six represents good luck.Eight is associated with “prosperity” and is desirable for all occasions.Nine is associated with“eternity”.Originally it could only be used by the imperial family.For example,the Forbidden Citywas designed with 9,999 rooms.中国神话故事

尽管中国古代神话(mythology)没有十分完整的情节，神话人物也没有系统的家谱(genealogy)，但它们却有着鲜明的东方文化特色，其中尤为显著的是它的尚德精神(the spirit of esteeming virtue)。这种尚德精神在与西方神话特别是希腊神话比较时，显得更加突出。在西方神话尤其是希腊神话中，对神的褒贬标准多以智慧、力量为准则，而中国古代神话对神的褒贬则多以道德为准绳。这种思维方式深植于中国的文化之中。几千年来，这种尚德精神影响着人们对历史人物的品评与现实人物的期望。

译文：

Although ancient Chinese mythology does not have relatively complete plot and mythological figures don't have systematic genealogy, they have distinct features of oriental culture, among which the spirit of esteeming virtue is particularly significant.When compared with Western mythology, especially Greek mythology, this spirit of esteeming virtue is even more prominent.In Western mythology, especially Greek mythology,the criteria for judging whether a god is good or not are mostly the god's wisdom and strength,while in ancient Chinese mythology, the criterion lies in morality.This way of thinking is deeply rooted in Chinese culture.For thousands of years, this spirit of esteeming virtue has affected people's comments on historical figures and expectations of real people.敬茶礼仪

当今社会，客来敬茶已经成为人们日常社交和家庭生活中普遍的往来礼仪。俗话说:酒满茶半。上茶时应以右手端茶，从客人的右方奉上，并时带微笑。当然，喝茶的客人也要以礼还礼，双手接过，点头致谢。品茶时，讲究小口品饮，其妙趣在于意会而不可言传。另外，可适当称赞主人茶好。总之，敬茶是国人礼仪中待客的一种日常礼节，也是社会交往的一项内容，不仅是对客人、朋友的尊重, 也能体现自己的修养(self-cultivation)。

翻译：

Nowadays, offering tea to guests has becomecommon etiquette in daily social interaction andfamily life.As the saying goes, white spirit, ful