第一篇：英语四级作文经典开头及短语以及2010年

一、名词词组和固定搭配

1.介词+名词

by accident 偶然

on account of 因为,由于，为了..的缘故 in addition to 另外，加之 in addition 除...之外(还)in the air 流传中

on(the／an)average 按平均值，通常 on the basis of 根据，在...的基础上 at best 充其量，至多

for the better 好转，向好的方向发展 on board 在船(车或飞机)上 out of breath 喘不过气来 on business 因公，因事

in any case 无论如何，不管怎样 in case of 假如，如果发生；防备 in case 假使，以防(万一)in no case 决不，无论如何不 by chance 偶然，碰巧 in charge(of)负责，管理(a)round the lock 日夜不停地 in common 共用的，共有的 in conclusion 最后，总之 on condition(that)如果

in consequence of 由于...的缘故，因为 on the contrary 正相反

in contrast with／to 与...对比起来，与...形成对比 out of control 失去控制 under control 处于控制之下 at all cots 不惜任何代价，无论如何 at the cost of 以...为代价 in the course of 在...过程中，在...期间 of course 当然，自然

in danger 在危险中，垂危 out of danger 脱离危险

out of date 过时的，不用的 up to date 现代化的，切合目前情况的 in demand 非常需要的，受欢迎的 in debt 欠债，负债 in detail 详细他 in difficulties 处境困难 in the distance 在远处 off duty 下了班(的)，不在值班(的)on duty 在上班(的)，在值班(的)on earth 究竟，到底

at all events 无论如何，不管怎样 in any event 无论如何，不管怎样 in the event of 万一，倘若 for example 例如

in the face of 在...面前；不顾 in fact 其实，实际上 in favo(u)r of 赞同，支持 on fire 着火，起火 on foot 步行

in force 生效，有效；在实施中；大量的 in front of 在...面前，在...前面 in future 今后，从今以后 in the future 在将来

in general 一般说来，大体上 on(one's)guard 警惕，提防；站岗，值班 in half 成两半

at hand近在手边，在附近by hand 用手，用体力 hand down 把...传下去

hand in hand 手拉手；密切关联地，同时并进地 in hand(工作等)在进行中；在控制中 on hand 在手边，在近处 on(the)one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面 at heart 内心里，本质上 by heart 凭记性 at home 在国内；舒适，无拘束；熟悉，精通 in hono(u)r of 为纪念，为了向...表示敬意 on／upon one's hono(u)r 以名誉担保 in a hurry 匆忙，急于 for instance 例如；比如 at intervals 不时，每隔一段时间(或距离)at(long)last 终于 at least 至少 at length 终于，最终；详细地 in(the)light of 鉴于，由于

2．动词+名词 have／gain access to 可以获得 take...into account 考虑到，顾及，体谅 take advantage of 占...的便宜，利用 pave the way(for)铺平道路，为...作准备 pay attention to 注意 do／try one's best 尽力，努力 get／have the best of 战胜 make the best of 充分利用 get／have the better of 战胜，在.中占上风 catch one's breath屏息；喘气，气喘；歇口气 take care 注意，当心 take care of 爱护，照料 take a chance 冒险，投机 take charge 开始管理，接管 keep...company 陪伴 take(a)delight in 以...为乐 make a difference 有影响，起(重要)作用

carry／bring／put into effect 使生效，实行，实现 come／go into effect 生效，实施 take effect 生效，起作用

catch sb's eye 被某人看到，引起某人注意 keep an eye on 留神，照看，密切注意 make a face 做鬼脸

find fault with 抱怨，挑剔，找岔子 catch(on)fire 着火，开始燃烧 make fiends(with)与(...)交朋友 be friends with 与...友好 make fun of 取笑，拿...开玩笑 keep sb's head 保持镇静 in the world 究竟，到底 lose sb's head 慌乱，仓皇失措 lose heart 丧失勇气，失去信心

get／catch／take hold of 抓住，得到 keep house 管理家务

throw／cast light on／upon 使人了解，阐明 bear／keep in mind 记住 have in mind 考虑到，想到

make up one's mind 下定决心，打定主意 bring／put into operation 实施，使生效，使运行 come／go into operation 施行，实行，生效 keep pace(with)与.齐步前进，与..并驾齐驱 play a part(in)起作用，参与，扮演角色 take place 发生，进行，举行 take the place of 代替，取代 put into practice 实施，实行 make progress 进步，进展 give rise to 引起，导致为...的原因 make sense 讲得通，有意义，言之有理 catch sight of 发现，突然看见(go)on the stage 当演员 take one's time 不着急，不慌忙 keep track of 与...保持联系

lose track of 失去与...的联系，不能跟上...的进展 make use of 利用 put to use 使用

give way 让路；屈服，让步；倒塌，坍陷 make one's way 前往，行进，去 make way 让路，腾出地方或位置

3.名词词组的其他形式

appeal to 呼吁，恳求 attempt at 企图，努力 attitude to/towards 态度，看法 a great/good deal of 大量，非常，极其 influence in 干涉，介入 interference with 妨碍，打扰 introduction to介绍

a lot(of)许多（的），大量（的）lots of 大量，许多

fall in love(with sb)爱上（某人）reply to 回答，答复 trolley bus 电车 I.D.card 身份证 credit card 信用卡 no doubt 无疑地，很可能 next door 隔壁 out of doors 在户外 face to face 面对面地 a few 有些，几个

quite a few 不少，相当多 a little 一点，一些 little by little 逐渐地，一点点地 quite a little 相当多，不少 no matter 无论

the moment(that)一...(就)no more 不再

fair play 公平竞赛，公平对待 rest room 厕所，盥洗室 primary school 小学

side by side 肩并肩地，一起 heart and soul 全心全意 step by step 逐步地 ahead of time 提前 all the time 一直，始终 once upon a time 从前 once in a while 偶尔

no wonder 难怪，并不奇怪 word for word 逐字地 decline with thanks 婉言谢绝

二、动词词组和固定搭配 1．动词十介词/副词

account for 说明...的原因，是...的原因 allow for 考虑到，顾及，为...留出预地 appeal to 诉诸，诉请裁决(或证实等)arrive at 达成，达成 ask after 探问，问起 ask for 请求，要求

attach to 附属于，隶属于；使依恋，使喜爱 to begin with 首先，第一

break down 损坏；(健康等)垮掉，崩溃 break in 非法闯入；打断，插嘴 break into 非法闯入，强行进入 break off 中断，突然停止

break out 逃脱，逃走；突然出现，爆发 break through 突破，冲破；取得突破陛成就 break up 印终止结束打碎粉碎；散开，驱散 bring about 导致，引起

bring down 使落下，打倒；降低，减少 bring forth 产生，提出 bring forward 提出，提议；提前

bring out 使显出；激起，引起；出版，推出 bring to 使恢复知觉

bring up 教养，养育；提出

build up逐渐积聚，集结逐步建立增进，增强 burn out 烧光，烧毁...的内部；熄灭

burn up 烧掉，烧毁；烧起来，旺起来；(使)发怒 call for 叫(某人)来；要求，需要 call off 取消

call on／up 访问，拜访；号召，要求 call up 召集；使人想起；打电话(给)care for 照顾，照料；喜欢 carry off 夺走，拿走 carry on 继续，进行 carry out 实行，执行；实现，完成 catch at 试图抓住，拼命抓 catch on 理解，懂得；流行起来 check in(在旅馆、机场等)登记，报到 check out 结帐后离开，办妥手续离去 check up(on)检查，核实

cheer up(使)高兴起来，(使)振作起来 clear away 把...清除掉，收拾

clear up 清理；澄清，解决；(天)放晴 come off 脱落，分开；结果，表现

come on [表示鼓励、催促等]快，走吧；开始，发生；进步，进展 come out 发表，出版；出现，显露；结果是 come round(around)顺便来访；苏醒，复原 come through 经历...仍活着，安然度过 come to 苏醒；涉及，谈到；总数为，结果是 come up 走上前来；发生，出现 count on／upon 依靠，指望 count up 共计，算出...的总数 cover up 掩饰，掩盖；盖住，裹住 cross off／out 划掉，勾销

cut across 抄近路穿过，对直通过 cut back 削减，缩减；急忙返回 cut down 削减，减少；杀死，砍倒 cut in 超车抢挡；插嘴，打断 cut off 切断，阻碍；使分离，使隔绝 cut out 删去，切去；戒除，停止ⅡB用 cut short 中断，打断

deal with 处理，对付；论述，涉及 deep down 实际上，在心底 die down 逐渐消失，变弱 die out 逐渐消失，灭绝 do without 没有...也行，用不着，将就 draw in(火车、汽车)到站；(天)渐黑，(白昼)渐短 draw up 起草，拟订；(使)停住

dress up 穿上盛装，精心打扮；装饰，修饰 drop by／in 顺便(或偶然)访问

drop off 下降，减少；睡着，入睡；让(...)下车，把...放下 drop out 退出，退学 dry out(使)干透

dry up(使)干透，(使)干涸；(使)枯竭 fall behind 落后，落在...的后面 fall through 落空，成为泡影 fall in 填满；填写；(for)替代 fall out 填写；长胖，变丰满 find out 查明，找出，发现 get across(将...)清楚，(使)被了解

get around／round 走动，克服，设法回避(问题等)；(协)抽出时间来做(或考虑)get at 够得着，触及；意思是，意指；查明，发现；指责 get away 逃脱；走开，离开；(iwth)做了(坏事)而逃脱责罚 get by 通过；过得去，(勉强)过活

get down(从...)下来；写下；使沮丧；(to)开始认真做，着手做 get in 进入，抵达；收获(庄稼等)；(证th)对...亲近get into(使)进入；卷入；对...发生兴趣

get off(从...)下来；动身，出发；下班，结束(工作)；逃脱惩罚 get over 克服，解决(问题等)；(从疾病、失望等)中恢复过来

get through 度过(时间)；(使)通过(考试)，(使)(议案等)获得通过；(将...)讲清楚，完成；接通电话

get together 相聚，聚集 get up 起床；起立 give away 泄露；赠送 give back(归)还

give in 交上，呈上；投降，屈服，认输 give off 发出(光、声音等)，散发出(气味)give out 分发；用完；消耗尽；发出(光、声音)give up 停止，放弃；(oneself)自首 go after 追求，追赶 go ahead 开始；进行

go by 遵守，遵循，依据；(时间)过去

go down 下降，减少；(船)沉没，(日)落；(with)生...病；(well或badly)(不)受欢迎，(不)被接受

go for 袭击；适用于；选择,想要获得；喜爱 go into 进入，参加；开始从事；研究，调查

go off 爆炸，开火，突然响起；(电等)中断，停止；不再喜欢

go out 外出(尤指参加社会活动)；过时；(潮)退，(灯)熄，终止；送出，公布，播出 go over 仔细检查，察看；复习，重做

go round／around 足够分配；(with)常...与交往；流传；四处走动，到处活动

go through 经历，遭受；详细检查，查找，详细讨论；获得通过，被批准；(with)将...干到底

go under 沉没；失败；破产

go up 上升，上涨，增长；正在建设中；烧毁，炸毁 go with 跟...相配；与...相伴；附属于 go without 没有

hand down 把...传下去 hand in 交上，递交 hand on 把...传下去 hand out 分发，散发 hand over 交出，移交 hang about／around 闲荡，闲呆着

hang on 坚持，抓紧，不放；等待片刻，(打电话时)不挂断；有赖于；取决于 hang up 挂断(电话)：悬挂，挂起 have on 穿着，戴着

hold back 踌躇，退缩；阻止，抑制；隐瞒，保守(秘密等)hold on 坚持住，握住不放；(打电话时)不挂断，等-会 hold out 维持，保持；坚持(要求)，不屈服 hold up 支持，支撑，延迟；抢劫；展示，举出 hurry up(使)赶陕，匆匆完成

improve on／upon 改进；胜过 keep back 阻止，抑制；隐瞒，保留 keep off(使)不接近，(使)让开 keep to 遵守，信守；坚持 keep up 保持，(使)继续下去；使居高不下 let down 放下，降低；使失望

let off 宽恕，放过；开(枪)，放(炮、烟火等)州)放 let out 放走，释放；泄露，放出，发出 lie in(问题、事情等)在于

line up(使)排队，(使)排成行 live on 靠...生活，以...为食物 live through 度过，经受住

live up to 符合，不辜负(期望)；遵守，实践(诺言、原则等)look after 照管，照料，照料；注意，关心 look at 看，朝...看；考虑，研究；看待 look back(on)回顾，回忆；回头看 look for 寻找，寻求；惹来，招来 look in 顺便看望，顺便访问 look into 调查，观察 look on 旁观，观看 look out(for)留神，注意

look over 把...看一遍，把...过目；察看，参观 look through 详尽核查；(从头至尾)浏览

look up 好转；(在词典等中)查找；看望，拜访：(to)尊敬 make for 走向，朝...前进；有助于，促进

make out 辨认出，看出；理解，了解；写出，开出

make up 印构成，组成；(为...)化妆；补充，补足；和解，重归于好；捏造，临时编造，虚

mix up 混淆，弄混，弄乱 occur to 被想到，被想起 pass away 去世

pass(as)充作，被看作，被当作 pass out 失去知觉，昏倒

pay back 偿还，还钱给(某人)；向...报复，回报 pay off 还清(债)；付清工资解雇(某人)；向...行贿；得到好结果，取得成功 pay up 全部付清

pick out选出，挑出，拣出；辨认出，分辨出

pick up 拿起，捡起；取(给)，用车接载(人)；好转，改进，增加(速度)；(使)重新开始，继续；获得，学会 pull down 拆毁

pull in(车)停下，车进站，船(到岸)pull off 脱去，扯下；(成功地)完成

pull out 拔出，抽出，取出；(车、船)驶出；(使)摆脱困境 pull together 齐心协力，团结起来 pull up(使)停下

put across／over 解释清楚，使被理解

put aside 储存，保留；暂不考虑，把...放在一边 put away 放好，收好

put in 花费，付出(时间、精力等)；申请，正式提出 put on 穿上，戴上；上演；增加(体重)put out 熄灭，关(灯)；出版，发布；生产；伸出

put up 建造，支起，搭起；张贴；进行(抵抗等)；提供，提名，提出；提高(价格、速度)；为...提供食宿，投宿

refer to 参考，查阅；涉及，提到；指的是 ring off 挂断电话

run down 撞倒；说...坏话，贬低；停止运转，耗尽；减少，缩减；查找出，搜索到 run into 偶然碰见；遭遇(困难等)；共计，达到...之多；撞在...上 run off 很快写出；复印出印出；跑掉，逃掉

run over 在...上驶过，(撞倒并)碾过；把...很快地(或粗略地)过一遍 see off 为...送行 see through 看透，识破 see to 注意，照料

send for 派人去请，召唤；函购，函索 send in 呈报，递送，提交

set aside 留出，拨出(时间、金钱等)；把...置于一旁，不理会 set back 推迟，延缓，阻碍；使花费 set down 记下，写下 set forth 阐明，陈述

set off 出发，启程；引起，激起

set out 陈述，阐明；动身，起程；开始；摆放

set up 创立，建立，为...作准备；竖立，架起，建造；开业，开始经商 show off 炫耀，卖弄

show up 显露，暴露；露面，来到 shut out 把...排斥在外 sit in on 列席(会议)，旁听 sit up 不睡，熬皮；坐直 speed up(使)加快速度

stand by 站在...一边，支持，帮助；袖手旁观；坚持(决议等)，遵守(诺言等)；作好准备，准备行动

stand for 代替，代表，意味着，主张，支持；[用于否定、疑问句]容忍，接受 stand out 清晰地显出，引人注目；杰出，出色 stand up 站起来；(论点、证据等)站得住脚 step up 提高，加快，加紧 stick out(把...)坚持到底；突出，显眼

stick to 坚持，忠于，信守；紧跟，紧随；粘贴在...上 take after(在外貌、性格等方面)与(父、母等)相像 take away 减去

take down 拆卸；记下，写下 take...for 把...认为是，把...看成是

take in 接受，吸收，接纳；理解，领会；欺骗；包括 take off 脱下；起飞；匆匆离开

take on 开始雇用；呈现，具有；同...较量，接受...的挑战；承担，从事 take over 接受，接管；借用，承袭

take to 对...产生好感，开始喜欢；形成...的习惯，开始从事 take up with 与...成朋友

take up 开始从事；把...继续下去；着手处理；占去，占据；(on)接受邀请 think over 仔细考虑

throw away 扔掉，抛弃；错过(机会)，浪费(金钱等)touch on／upon 谈到，论及 turn down 关小，调低；拒绝 turn in 交还，上交；上床睡觉 turn off 关掉；拐弯，离开...转入另一条路 turn on 接通，打开

turn out 制造，生产；结果是；驱逐；关掉，旋熄 turn over 翻过来，翻倒；移交，交；仔细考虑 turn to 查阅；求助于，求教于 turn up 开大，调大；出现，来到 use up 用完，用光

warm up(使)暖起来；(使)活跃起来，(使)热情起来；(使)作准备活动，(使)热身 wear off 逐渐消失；渐渐减少

wear out 穿破，磨损，用坏；(使)疲乏，(使)厌卷，(使)耗尽 while away 消磨<时间)wipe out 擦净，擦掉；彻底摧毁，消灭 work at/on 从事于，努力做

work out 解决；算出；弄懂，理解；想出，制定出 work up 激发，激起；制订出，精心作出 write off 取消，勾销，注销

2．后接动名词的动词搭配

aim at 目的在于，旨在；瞄准；企图 accuse...Of...控告；谴责，depend on 取决于，视...而定；依靠，依赖；信赖，相信 devote to 将...奉献给；把...专用(于)engage in 从事于，参加 feel like 想要

go on(时间)过去；灯亮；开始运行；继续，接着；进行，发生 cannot／couldn't help 禁不住；不得不 insist on 坚持，强调，坚决要求 keep from 阻止，抑制

keep up 继续进行、继续下去 look forward 曲协盼望，期待 persist in 坚持不懈，执着 prevent from 预防，防止 put off 推迟，推延；阻止，劝阻 set about 开始，着手 succeed in 成功 thank for 感谢

think of 想起，记得；想出，提出；考虑，关心

3．其他动词词组

add up to 合计达，总括起来，意味着 break away(from)突然离开，强行逃脱 catch up with 赶上；对...产生恶果 com true(预言，期望等)实现，成为事实 come up to 达到(标准)，比得上 come up with 提出，提供，想出 do away with 废除，去掉 fall back on 借助于，依靠 fall in with 符合，同意，赞成；与...交往 as follows 如下

get along with 与...相处(融洽)get down to 开始认真处理，着手做 give oneself up 自首

give way to 给...让路，对...让步，被...代替 go along with 赞同

go back on 违背(诺言等)go in for 从事，参加；爱好 hang on to 紧紧抓住；保留(某物)lend itself to 适合于

let alone 不打扰，不惊动，更别提 let go(of)放开，松手

live up to 符合，不辜负(期望)；遵守，实践(诺言、原则等)look down on／upon 看不起，轻视 look up to 尊敬 make up for 补偿，弥补

never mind 不要紧，没关系；不用担心，别管 put in for 正式申请 put up with 容忍，忍受

refer to...as...把...称作，把...当作 run out of 用完，耗尽 serve...right 给...应得的惩罚 set in 开始(并将延续下去)stand up for 支持，维持，保卫

stand up to 勇敢地面对，抵抗；经得起，顶得住 take...as 把...当作，认为 think of...as 把...看作是，以为...是

think better of … 经过考虑对...改变主意(或看法)

三、形容组和固定搭配

be able to(do)能(做)，会(做)be about to(do)即将，正要 be absent from 缺勤，缺课 be abundant in 丰富的，富裕的 be accustomed to习惯于，适应于 be acquainted with与..相识，熟悉，了解 be active in 积极于

be afraid of 恐怕，害怕，担忧 be alive to 注意到，对...敏感 be angry at 因某事生气 be angry with 对...发怒 be anxious about 担心，为...担忧 be anxious for 急切盼望，渴望 be anxious to(do)渴望(做)be ashamed of 为...感到害臊 be aware of 意识到 be bad at 拙于，不善于 be based on 根据，以...为基础

be beside oneself 极度兴奋，对自己的感情失去控制 be better off 生活优裕起来，境况好起来 be bound to(do)一定会，不得不 be careful to(do)务必注意(做)be certain to(do)一定(做)，必然(做)be capable of 能够 be confident in 对...有信心 be characterized by 以...为特征 be clever at 擅长于 be combined with 与...结合 be composed of 由...组成 be concerned about 关心，挂念 be curious to(do)很想(做)be dependent on／upon 取决于，依赖 be determined to(do)决心(做)be different from 与...不同 be eager for 渴望 be eager to(do)急于要(做)be equal to 等于 be famous for 以...著名 be fond of 喜欢，爱好

be free from 无...的，摆脱了...的 be friendly to 对...友好 be glad to(do)乐于(做)，对...感到高兴 be good at(doing)善于，擅长 be good for 适于，在...期间有效 be grateful to 感谢，感激 be independent of 脱离..而独立，与..无关 be indispensable for 对...必不可少的 be interested in 对...感兴趣 be kinde enough to(do)承...好意，恳请 be late for 迟到

be likely to(do)可能要，像是要 be mad about 迷恋 be well off 生活富裕 be pleased to(do)乐于

be pleased with 对...感到满足 be popular with 得人心的，受...欢迎的 be present at 出席

be proud of 以...自豪，因...感到满意 be ready to(do)装备好（做），乐意做 be ready for 为...准备好 be rich in 富于 be satisfied with 对...满意，满足于 be second to 次于 be short for 是...的缩写（简称）be short of 短缺 be sick for 渴望 be sick in bed 病在床上 be sick of 对...感到厌倦 be sorry for 对...感到抱歉 be strict with 对...要求严格 be suited to 适合于 be supposed to(do)应该，非...不可 be sure of 坚信，确信 be surprised at 对...感到惊奇 be though with 结束 be tired from 因...而厌倦 be tired of 厌烦，对...厌倦 be tired out 疲倦极了 be true to 适用于 be unconscious of 不知道...be unequal to 无法胜任...的 be unfit for 不适合，不胜任 be useful to 对...有用 be well up in 精通，熟悉 be wild with jay 欣喜 be willing to(do)乐意...be worried about 为...而担心 be worse off 处境较坏，情况恶化 be worth(doing)值得（做）be wrong with 有点毛病，有些不舒服

四、其他词组和固定搭配

above all 首先，尤其是 after all 终究，毕竟，究竟 at all [用于否定句]丝毫，一点 all but 几乎，差不多；除了...都 all over 遍及，到处 in all 总共，合计 not at all 一点也不 leave alone 让..独自呆着；不打扰，不干预 along with 和...一起，和...一道 one after another 一个接一个，相继 one another 互相 anything but 绝对不 as...as 像...一样 as for 至于，关于 as though 好像，仿佛 as to 至于，关于 as well 也，同样 as well as 除...之外(也)，既...又 not as／so...as 不如...那样 back and forth 反复地，来回地(in)back of 在...后面，在...背后 because of 由于，因为 had better 还是...好，应该 both...and 既...又...，两个都 but for 倘没有，要不是 each other 互相 either...or 或...或 or else 否则，要不然 even if／though 即使，虽然 except for 除...外，除去；要不是由于 as／so far as 就...，到...程度 by far...得多，最 far from 远远不，完全不 so far 迄今为止；到某个程度 firs of all 首先 if only 要是...多好 by itself 独自地，自动地 in itself 本质上，就其本身而言 no less than 不少于，多达 as／so long as 只要，如果；既然，如果 no longer 不再，已不 a great／good many of 相当多，很多 many a 许多的 more and more 越来越 more or less 差不多，几乎，大约 at most 至多，不超过 make the most of 充分利用，尽量利用

neither...nor(既)不...也不，(既)非...也非(every)now and then 时而，偶尔 just now 刚才，才不久；现在，眼下 now(that)既然，由于 off and on 断断续续地，间歇地，有时 and so on 等等

all at once 突然，忽然；同时，一起 at once 立刻，马上；同时，一起 once(and)for all 一劳永逸地，永远地 once more／again 再一次 by oneself 独自地，单独地 every other 每隔一个的 other than 不同于，非；除了 over and over(again)一再地，再三地

all right 好，行；令人满意的，不错的；(健康)良好的，安然无恙的 ever since 从那时起，自那时以来 ever so 非常，极其 or so 大约，左右 so that 以便，为使；所以，因此 so...that 如此...以致 such as 诸如，例如 such...that 那样的...以致 that is(=i．e．)就是说，即 as though 好像，仿佛 up to 胜任...的，适于...的；密谋...的；是...义不容辞的，是...的职责；取决于...的，须由...决定的；(时间上)一直到；(数目上)一直到，多达 what about [征求意见时用]...怎么样 what if 如果...将会怎样 whether...or 是...还是，不管...还是 go wrong 发生故障，出毛病；出错，犯错误 and yet 可是，然而 at yet 至今 abide by 履行，遵守 adapt to 适应 adhere to 粘附；胶着；坚持 apologize(-ise)to，for 道歉，认错 cling o粘住； 依附；坚持

collide with 抵触，冲突；碰撞，互撞 compensate for 补偿，赔偿 comply with 依从，服从，遵从 conceive of 设想，构思出 conform to 遵守，依照，符合，顺应 consult with 商量，商议 cooperate with 合作，协作，相配合 cope with(成功地)应付，(妥善地)处理 deduce from 演绎，推断 derive from 起源，衍生 deviate from 背离，偏离 dispose of 处理，解决；去掉，丢掉，除掉 dwell on／upon 老是想着；详述 hinder from 阻碍，妨碍 impose on 把...强加于 originate in／from 起源于，来自，产生 participate in 参与，参加 preside t／over 主持，主管 prevail over 获胜，占优势 prevail on／upon 说服，劝说，诱使 reconcile to 使顺从(于)，使甘心(于)reign to 使顺从 restrain from 抑制，制止 sacrifice to 牺牲，献出，献祭，供奉 scrape by／through 勉强通过 specialize in 专攻，专门研究 testify to 表明，证明 flare up 突然燃烧起来；突然发怒 queue up 排成队(等候)dissatisfaction with／at 不满 exposure to 暴露，显露；曝光 objection to 反对，异议

preference for／to 偏爱，喜爱；优惠；优先选择 proficiency in 熟练，精通 requirement for／to 需要，需要的东西，要求 thirst for 渴望，热望 by comparison 比较起来 in sequence 依次，逐一 at stake 在危急关头，在危险中 in accordance with 与...一致，依照，根据 on／in behalf of 代表，为了 on the sly 偷偷地 in excess of 超过 to and for 来来回回 on schedule 按时间表，及时，准时

五、历年大学英语四、六级考试中出现的超纲词组和固定搭配 put into use 使用，应用 be satisfied with 满足 be satisfied of 相信 hardly...when 刚...就...come to a conclusion 得出结论 avoid doing sth． 避免干某事 decline invitation 辞谢邀请 agree on／upon 取得一致意见 may(might)as well 还是...好 argue about 争论 take(make)a stand for 捍卫 take(make)a stand against 反对 come after 跟随 in support of 支持 lie up 躺着休息 beside the question 离题 refresh one's memory 使人记起 bring to mind 使人想起 compile dictionary 编字典 present sb．with sth． 送给某人某礼物 indifferent to 不在乎 go on strike 罢工 against one's will 违心地 in one's will在...遗嘱中 of one's free will 出于自愿 with ease 容易，不费力 prepare for 准备 get to 开始；到达 fall off 下降 fall away 背离 televise live 实况转播 by the moment 到...时 have intention of 有意，打算 no intention of 无意，不打算 have not the least idea of 不知道 have no desire for 对...没有欲望 have desire to do sth． 想做某事 have sth．in stock 有现货 be particular about 讲究 the key to...的答案(线索、办法)carry about 随身携带 pass through 通过，经过 pass for 被认为(当作)be of little value 没什么价值 cure sb．of 治好某人...pull back 撤退 pull round 掉头，转向；康复 pull along 沿...拉 die off 死去，凋谢 drop down 落下 do sth．for a living 靠做某事谋生 make a name of oneself 出名，扬名 glimpse of 瞥见，一瞥 glance at 瞥见，一瞥 be on good terms with sb． 与某人友好

entitle sb．(to do)sth． 给予某人(干)某事的权利 beyond one's power 超出某人的能力 take interest in 对...发生兴趣 be answerable for 应对...hundreds of 数以百计的 be lacking in 缺乏

break into tears(cheers)突然哭(欢呼)起来 in correspondence with 与...联系(通信)be advantageous to 对...有利 be beneficial to 对...有益 in debt to sb． 欠某人的债 be it that 即使 assure sb．of sth． 委托某人某事 put(set)right 使恢复正常，纠正错误 on the way 在途中 off the way 远离正道 keep on with 坚持 make an attempt 试图 in the mood for sth． 对某事有心境 escape doing sth． 躲避干某事 set a limit to 限制 within the limit of 在...范围内 call at 访问 so blank(头脑)变成空白

so dim(大脑)浑沌 so faint 晕过去 be subjected to 遭受 be attached to 附属于 not on any account 决不 take pains to do sth． 费尽苦心做某事 a multitude of 大量(接复数名词)give rise to 导致 give reason to 对...进行解释 give suspicion to 对...怀疑 make provision for 为...作准备 be involved in 卷人，陷入 be assigned to 被分配给...be bored to death 烦死了 step into 插入，干涉 adapt for 调整(以适应目标或需要)a close(narrow)shave 侥幸的脱险

语法

“-th”后缀在构词中的作用 1.由基数词构成序数词 2.表示“人”。

例如: goliath巨人

philomath数学爱好者

polymath知识广博者，博学

3.由形容词变成的名词，表示“度量”。

例如:(broad-)breadth 宽度，广度(wide-)width 宽度(long-)length长度

(strong-)strength 强度,力量 understrength 力量不足 overstrength 力量过剩

4.由动词变成的名词，表示“动作”或“该动作的对应物体”。

例如:(bathe-)bath 洗澡 electrobath 电镀浴(die-)death 死亡

megadeath 百万人口的死亡(sheathe-)sheath 覆盖，保护

5.由动词变成的形容词，表示其属性。

例如:(loathe-)loath 厌恶的，不愿的

smooth平坦的，光滑的，平静的，平稳的(soothe-)sooth 抚慰的，镇静的 forsooth 真的，的确

6.“-lith”结尾的名词与“石头、土、岩”等有关。例如: megalith(作石碑的)巨石，大石块 laccolith 岩盖 eolith 始石器

1.反意疑问句的结构：陈述句（主语+谓语……），+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语（代词形式）？

说明：陈述句部分如果是肯定句，反意疑问句，疑问句部分的助动词/情态动词/be动词+not（否定提问）；如果陈述句部分是否定句，反意疑问句，疑问句部分用肯定式提问。例句：

He is your teacher, isn’t he?

People shouldn’t drop litter on the pavements, should they? 2.某些特殊句型的反意疑问句：

1)祈使句的反意疑问句：

表示肯定意义的祈使句，即表示“请求，提示”它的反意疑问句用will you 表达：有时也可以用won’t you 表示。

Go home now, will you? Close the window, please, will you? 否定祈使句：以Don’t开始的祈使句：表示“不要……”，用will you 提问：

Don’t be late again, will you? Don’t forget to pay your income tax, will you? Let’s引导的祈使句表示“建议”，反意疑问句部分是：shall we ?

Let’s go for a walk, shall we? Let’s have a rest now, shall we?

Let me 或 Let us引导的祈使句表示“请求”，反意疑问句部分为will you：

Let me have a try, will you? Let us help, will you? 2)感叹句的反意疑问句：一律用否定式提问。

What a clever boy, isn’t he? What a lovely day, isn’t it?

3)陈述句含有情态动词must有两种情况：

must表示“必须”，反意疑问句部分为mustn’t…? / needn’t…?

He must study hard at English, mustn’t he? / needn’t he?

You must go home now, needn’t you? / mustn’t you?

We mustn’t be late, must we?

Must表示推测：“一定，肯定” 反意疑问句部分与must后面的动词呼应

You must be joking, aren’t you?

He must be ill, isn’t he ?

注意：用must对过去的动作推测时，反意疑问句部分的助动词用did或have, 而对过去的状态推测，反意疑问句部分的be动词用was:

She must have finished her work, hasn’t she? / didn’t she?

Jack must have arrived here yesterday, didn’t he?

He must have been a policeman, wasn’t he?

4)陈述句中有否定副词：hardly;never;seldom;little;few;nowhere;nothing等词，反意疑问句部分用肯定提问：

Frank hardly goes to parties, does he?

He has few friends, has he?

5)复合句的反意疑问句：大多数复合句的反意疑问句都对主句提问：

He was punished because he violated the regulation, wasn’t he?

You never told me that you had been ill, did you?

注意：I don’t think/suppose/believe/imagine 引导的宾语从句，这种宾语从句的反意疑问句应与从句的主语，谓语部分一致，而且用肯定式的提问。

I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer, will they? I don’t believe she has done it, has she?

I think he will come.Won’t he?

倒装句

一.概念: 英语句子通常有两种语序:一种主语在前,谓语在后,称为自然语序,另一种谓语在前,主语在后,称为倒装语序。

二.相关知识点精讲

按“主语+ 谓语” 这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序。如果排列顺序变为“谓语（或谓语一部分）+主语”，就是倒装。倒装句分为：

完全倒装： 整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装。

部分倒装： 只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前叫部分倒装。

1.当以there, here, out , in , up , down, away 等副词开头的句子，为了起到强调的作用，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。

Our teacher came in.In came our teacher.这种倒装要求：主语必须是名词。主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不变。

Here it is.Away he went.这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时。

Here comes the bus.Out rushed the boys.2.how, then, just, often 表示时间的副词放在句首，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。

Then came 8 years of the Anti Japanese War.3.表地点状语的介词短语放在句首，要用倒装句式，以示强调。

这种倒装句也是主谓直接调换位置，不加助动词did, does或do.Under a big tree ________, half asleep.A.did sat a fat man B.a fat man sat

C.did a fat man sat D.sat a fat man

4.there放在句首时，要用倒装句式。

在“there + be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be , 而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动词。如：live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, rise 和appear等。

There came shouts for help from the river.There lies a large wheat field in front of the house.Many years ago there lived an old man in the wooden house.In front of the tower flews a stream.5.so + 动词+主语

neither/ nor + 动词+主语

表示两人的同样一个情况时，只能表示一件事，即上、下句所使用的动词、时态要一致。否则要用so it is with…

You can ride a bike.So can I.He has been to Beijing.So have I.The first one isn’t good, neither is the second.His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years.So it is with his aunt.6.so+ 形容词/副词that 的结构状语从句可以用正常语序表示，也可以把so+形容词/副词放于句首构成倒装。句型如下： so +形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that +从句。

Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.= So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.So easy was the work that they finished it in a few days.7.done做形容词在句中做表语时，常把表语放在句首，要用倒装句式。

Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.8.否定副词not , never, seldom, nowhere, little , rarely 放于句首时要用倒装句式。

We seldom get up at four in the morning.= Seldom do we get up at four in the morning.Not a single word from him could the enemy drag.Rarely have I heard of such a silly thing.9.hardly…when;scarcely…when…;no sooner…than… 可以用正常语序 had hardly done when… did 或用倒装句式Hardly had + 主语+ done when… did 句式。hardly所在的句子用过去完成时。

The bell hardly had rung when the class began.= Hardly had the bell rung when the class began.No sooner had he arrived in Beijing than he began to work.10.not only… but also 如连接两个成分时，不用倒装；连接句子时，前面的句子要用倒装。

Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.Not only is he busy, but also I have a lot of work to do.Not only does he speak English very well, but also he speaks French well.11.only 及所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，要用：

only+ 状语+ be /助动词/情态动词+主语及其他

Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened.Only in this way can you make progress in your English.12.虚拟语气中的倒装句

If I were you, I would take the job.= Were I you, I would take the job.Both the parents and the children are here.主谓一致性

ii.A、B表示同一个人、物或者观念的时候，谓语动词要用单数形式 A journalist and author lives in the sixth flat.The turner and fitter is under twenty-five.iii.And连接几个单数主语，主语由each、every、no、many a等词修饰的时候，谓语动词要用单数

Each boy and each girl is invited.Every boy and girl is invited.No boy and no girl is there now.iv.A、B为两个不可分的东西时，谓语动词用单数

A law and rule about protecting environment has been drawn up.Bread and butter is nutritious.b)由or, not only„ but also „, either„ or „, neither„ nor „连接主语时，谓语的人称和数与靠近的主语一致（注意，叙述句和疑问句随语序不同而不同）Either you or I am mad.Neither you nor he is naughty.Not only the farmer but also his family were friendly to me.c)当主语后跟有with, along with, together with, besides, except, like, including, as well as, rather than等词的时候，谓语动词不受词组的影响，仅和主语保持一致

All but one were here just now.A library with five thousand books is offered to nation as a gift.2.单一主语的情况

a)以复数形式结尾的统称名词作主语时，例如physics, maths, economics, news, means, works, 等一般在谓语动词中用单数形式, 当然，若表示复数的意思则另当别论

Physics is very important.Every means has been tried.b)当由至少两个部分组成的工具的名称，或者衣服的名称等作主语时，例如trousers/pants, shoes, glasses, scissors, goods, clothers等，谓语用复数形式；如果这些词由Pair(suit, piece, series,kind)+ of修饰的时候，谓语动词要用单数

My trousers are white and his clothes are black.A pair of scissors is lying in that drawer.但是在these/those pairs(„)of + 复数名词之后，谓语动词则用复数形式

These kinds of glasses are popular this summer.3.动名词，不定式，从句作主语的时候，谓语动词一般要用单数

To see is to believe.Swimming is a good way to keep health.Who is her father is not known.4.集体名词作主语时

a)mankind/humanity/man（人类）作主语的时候，谓语动词一般用单数形式 Only man knows how to cook.b)由people, police, cattle, youth等集体名词作主语的时候，谓语动词用复数形式

The cattle are grazing in the field.c)Family, croud, class, public, enemy等集体名词作主语的时候

i.若当整体看，则谓语动词用单数形式

Our class is very diligent.ii.若他们表示的人或者事物当作若干个个体来看，谓语动词则用复数形式

When I came into the room, his family were watching TV.iii.A family/group/class作主语时，谓语动词用单数

families/groups/classes作主语时，谓语动词用复数

A group is coming to the zoo.5.其他情况

a)主语为表示距离、时间、长度、价值、金额、重量等复数名词的时候，谓语动词用单数形式

kilometers is not very far.Three times three makes nine.b)one, every/each one, each, anyone, either, neither + of + 复数名词

谓语动词一般用单数形式，因为of之后的复数名词不是主语而是介词of的宾语，of前面的one, every one „ 才是主语

Neither of them is right.Each of them has a slide.c)none of + 不可数名词——谓语动词用单数形式

none of + 可数名词 ——谓语动词单复均可

None of that money in the desk is his.None of his classmates knows the truth.d)分数或百分数 + of + 词组

分数或百分数+ of +词组作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于of后的名词或者代词的数；若名词或代词是复数，谓语动词用复数，若名词或代词是单数，则谓语动词用单数

Three-thirds of the surface of the earth is sea.Tens of tons of waste goes into the air with the smoke every day.e)more than one +(单数名词)+单数动词

more than two +(复数名词)+复数动词

More than one white rose has bloomed.More than two white roses have bloomed.f)a(great)number of + 复数名词 ——用复数动词

the number of + 任何名词 —— 用单数动词

A great number of tourists have been to the Great Wall.The number of students in the computer class is limited to ten.g)the + 形容词，表示一类人 ——谓语动词用复数

the + 形容词，表示一类物 ——谓语动词用单数

The rich are for the decision but the poor are against it.The beauty is here.h)every, any, some, no 构成的复合词someone, somebody, something，no one, nobody, nothing everyone, everybody, everything anyone, anybody, anything这些复合词作主语的时候，谓语动词用单数形式

Everyone in the class was surprised at the news.Listen, someone is knocking at the door.大学英语四级语法精要

Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)时

1)现在完成进行时态(have/has been +-ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.I’ve been writing letters for an hour.I’ve been sitting in the garden.2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作

I’d been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事.I shall have finished this one before lunch.They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.1.语态

1)可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:

He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:

Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit.(你应该晓得速度限制)

2)双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态

a)双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.b)宾补结构的被动语态:

She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.2.短语动词

1)Vi + adv

The plane took off two hours late.2)Vi + prep

They looked round the Cathedral.3)Vi + prep(有被动语态)

She’s looking after her sister’s children.The children were always well looked after.4)Vi + adv + prep

I began to look forward to their visits.5)Vt + O + adv

Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.6)Vt + adv + O(无被动语态)

I am trying to give up smoking.7)Vt + O + prep

We talked Donald into agreement.3.省略

1)在以as, than, when, if, unless等引导的从句中的省略: 在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.a)Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known, such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise, you should keep it.b)If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver)necessary.If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.2）在以than a)或 as b)引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.a)He told me not to use more material than(it is)necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.b)They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people(did).He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free, as is all education.We will, as always, stand on your side.3）错误的省略

His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.4.一致

1)如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.2)代词作主语时的一致

a)each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready?

Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you?

b)some, few, both, many 等作复数

c)some 可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念, 但none 在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:

None of the books are easy enough for us

None of us seem to have thought of it.None(= not a single one)of us has got a camera.None(= nobody)has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all 和most 可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(all of the„, most of the „), 动词用单数.3)由and 或 both„ and 连接名词词组时, 后用复数;由not only„but(also), either„or, neither„nor或 or 连接的并列主语, 谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.如果一个句子是由there 或here引导, 而主语又不止一个, 谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.4)people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽), militia(民兵)等通常都用作复数.Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集体名词有时作单数看待, 有时作复数看待, 主要根据意思来决定.His family isn’t very large.His family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee are pided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名词单复数同形, 可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:

This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These species are now extinct.5)表示时间, 重量, 长度, 价值等的名词, 尽管仍是复数形式, 如果作整体看待, 动词也可用单数形式(当然用复数动词也是可以的):

Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.6)其他问题

a)书名, 国家名用单数: Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.b)学科名, 如mathematics, economics用单数.c)many a 或more than one 所修饰的词作主语时, 谓语动词多用单数形式: Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.a number of 后接复数, the number of后接单数: A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.d)one of those 后用单数.在“one of + 复数名词 +关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：

Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.当one 之前友the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one 而定，即采用单数形式：

He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.Ⅱ 非谓语动词 1.不定式 1)形式

主动形式 被动形式

一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 进行式 to be doing 完成进行式 to have been doing

a)完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother(= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比较: I am glad to see you.)

He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.b)进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式.You are not supposed to be working.You haven’t quite recovered yet.We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.c)完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.d)被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.2)功用: 不定式可以作主语(a), 宾语(b), 表语(c), 定语(d)或是状语(e).a.To scold her would not be just.b.We are planning to build a reservoir here.c.One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d.Do you have anything to declare?

e.We have come to learn from you.3)不带to 的不定式:

a)在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意义的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式结构不带to.John made her tell him everything.这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带to 的不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.b)在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might(just)as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to.I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.c)在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不带to的动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.I’ve heard tell of him.d)在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式, 也可用带to的不定式.Can I help(to)lift this heavy box?

e)在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.f)连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.g)用作补语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”，“thing +关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is(to)spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the form

The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.4)不定式的其他用法

a)too„to 结构通常表示否定意义:

She was too young to understand all that.enough„to结构则表示肯定意义:

She was not old enough to understand all that.not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:

He’s only too pleased to help her.so„as(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:

Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.b)如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:

It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个of引起的短语, 来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:

It’s kind of you to think so much of us.(It is)Awfully good of you to come and meet us.It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.2.V+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)1)形式

a)完成式: 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生, 通常用动名词的完成形式.He didn’t mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.在某些动词后(或成语中), 常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式, 尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excuse me for coming late.I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.另外, 独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.b)被动式: 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时, 动名词一般要用被动形式.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等动词后, 尽管表示的是被动的意思, 却用动名词的主动形式.My pen needs filling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.Her method is worth trying.现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用于独立结构中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers.c)完成被动式: 如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生, 有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式, 而用一般被动形式代替, 以免句子显得累赘.现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?

The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.2)句法功用 a)作主语:

Walking is good exercise.It’s nice talking to you.There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.b)作宾语:

Your shoes need polishing.You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over.He avoided giving us a definite answer.c)作介词宾语: 动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多.它常可以用在某些成语后面, 常见的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspect„of, accuse„of, charge„with, hear of, approve of, prevent„from, keep„from, stop„from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thank„for, feel like, excuse„for, aim at, devote„to, set about, spend„in, get(be)used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel(be)ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for.d)作表语:

The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语.一般说来, 在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词;在表示具体某词动作, 特别是将来的动作时, 多用不定式.e)作宾语补足语: 分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等动词后作宾语补足语.The words immediately set us all laughing.Once we caught him dozing off in class.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等动词后, 及可用现在分词, 也可用不定式构成宾语补足语.用现在分词时, 表示动作正在发生, 用不定式时表示动作发生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door?

Yes, I did.I heard him knock three times.f)作状语: 现在分词作状语时, 通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作, 来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬.I ran out of the house shouting.I got home, feeling very tired.Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought.现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema.现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语, 相当于when引起的从句:

Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.如果两个动作是完全同时发生的, 多用when 或while加分词这种结构.Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.3)前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构: 一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结构), 来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语.Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Do you mind my reading your paper?

They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子开头, 这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格), 这比用所有格更自然一些.I don’t mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.4)只能用动名词作宾语的动词: suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practi