第一篇：英语常用句型大全

第三章 英语常用句型大全

第一节 不定式结构

1.ask sb to do sth 叫某人去做某事 2.ask sb not to do sth 叫某人不要去做某事 3.be afraid to do sth 恐惧，害怕做某事 4.be ashamed to do sth羞于做某事 5.be friendly to sb 对某人好 6.be glad to do sth高兴，乐意做某事 7.be happy to do sth 高兴，快乐做某事 8.be helpful to sb 对某人有好处

9.be sorry to do sth 对做某事而感到对不起 10.be supposed to do sth 被要求去做什么 11.be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事 12.be(feel)afraid to do sth 害怕做某事 13.begin to do sth = start to do sth 开始做某事 14.bother sb to do sth 打扰某人做某事 15.take sb to sp 把某人带到某地 16.decide to do sth 决定做某事

17.Don't forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事 18.except to do sth 期待做某事

19.find it +adj+to do sth 发现....做某事 20.think it +adj+to do sth 认为....做某事 21.fit to sb= be fit for sb 适合某人 22.give sth to sb 把某物给某人 23.go on to do sth 继续去做另外一件事 24.It's good way to do sth 这是做某事的好方法 25.hate to do sth 讨厌做某事 26.have been to sp 曾今去过某地 27.have gone to sp 已经去了某地

28.have sth to do 有什么事情要做 29.hope to do sth 希望做某事

30.introduce sb to sb 介绍某人给某人认识 31.invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事

32.It takes sb +一段时间+to do sth 花多久时间做某事 33.It's +adj+ to do sth 做某事怎么样

34.It's a good idea for sb to do sth 对某人来说去做某事是个好主意 35.learn to do sth学着去做某事

36.make a decision to do sth 下定决心做某事 37.want to do sth 想要做某事 38.need to do sth 需要去干某事 39.offer sth to sb 给某人提供某物 40.pretend to do sth 装着去做某事 41.take sth to sb 带某物给某人 42.like to do sth 喜欢做某事 43.show sth to do把某物拿给某人看

44.encourage sb to do sth 鼓励某人去做某事 45.warn sb to do sth 告诫某人做某事 46.be used to do sth 被用来做某事 47.It's best to do sth最好去看某事 48.stop to do sth 停下来去做某事

49.Have nothing to do with 与做某事不相干 50.be allowed to do 被容许做某事 51.forget to do sth 忘记做过某事 52.would like to do sth 想要做某事 53.prefer sth to sth 喜欢某物胜过某物

54.Prefer to do sth rather than do 喜欢做某事胜过做某事 55.Say hello to sb向某人问好

56.It's time to do sth 是做某事的时间到了 57.trouble sb to do sth 麻烦某人某事

58.tell sb to do sth 叫某人做某事 59.need to do sth 需要干某事

60.It's a good place to do sth 它是做某事的好地方 第二节 动原结构

1.Would you please do sth 请你做某事

2.can do sth 能够做某事 may ,must,could,might,would,should,shall 3.be going to do sth 打算，将去做某事 4.need do sth 必须干某事 5.had better do sth 最好干某事 6.have to do sth不得不去做某事 7.let sb do sth 让某人做某事 8.make sb do sth 使得某人做某事 9.have sb do sth让某人做某事 10.Why not do sth为什么不去做某事

11.Why don't you do sth 你为什么不去做某事

12.句子里面有do,does,don't,does't did,didn't ,后面动词+do sth 13.prefer to do sth rather than do sth 喜欢做某事而不去做某事 14.would rather do sth than do sth 宁愿而不 15.used to do sth 过去常常做某事

16.do nothing but do sth 除了做sth 不能做任何其它事情 17.help sb do sth 帮助某人做某事

18.Feel,listen,look,see,hear,notice,wacth+do sth 19.please do sth 请做某事

20.情态动词（can,may,must,will,ought.to ,might,could,dare to)+动原（do sth)第三节

动词ing 句型

1.feel like doing sth 想要做某事 2.stop.....from doing sth 阻止。做某事 3.practice do ing sth 练习做某事 4.against doing sth 反对做某事 5.enjoy doing sth 喜欢做某事

6.finish doing sth 结束做某事

7.keep on doing sth carry on doing sth go on doing sth 继续做某事 8.prefer doing sth to doing sth喜欢做这件比喜欢做那件事情 9.be busy doing sth be busy whith sth 忙于做某事 10.spend....(in)doing sth 花费时间做某事 11.spend......(on)doing sth 花费金钱做某事

be+doing 现在正在进行时、现在进行表将来（go，arrive，come，take(take off)，start，stay，return）

12.be angry with sb for doing sth为某人而作的某个事情生气 13.be good at doing sthdo well in doing sth 在某方面擅长 14.be strict in doing sth 严与做某事 15.be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心 16.be terrified of doing sth 害怕做某事 17.be worth doing sth 值得做什么 18.consider doing sth 考虑 做某事 19.mind doing sth 介意做某事 20.end up doing sth 结束做某事 21.have been +doing 现在完成进行时 22.have fun doing sth 开心做某事

23.have trouble(problem)in doing sth 在某方面有问题或者麻烦 24.how about doing sth =what about doing sth 做....事情怎么样 25.thanks for doing sth 感谢你为我做什么 26.admit doing sth 承认做某事 27.appreciate doing sth 感激做什么 28.avoid doing sth 避免做某事 29.complete doing sth 完成某事 30.delay doing sth 耽误做某事 31.deny doing sth 否认做过某事 32.detest doing sth 讨厌做某事 33.endure doing sth 忍受什么

leave(leave for)

34.escape fancyimagine doing sth 逃脱、想象 35.misspostponerecall doing sth 想念，推迟，会议 36.resumeresistrist doing sth继续，抵抗，冒险 37.suggest doing sth 建议做某事 38.face doing sth 面对某事 39.include doing sth 包括什么 40.stand doing sth 忍受某事 41.understand doing sth 理解某事 42.forgive doing sth 宽恕做什么 43.admit doing sth承认某事 44.lead to doing sth引导、指引某事 45.devote oneself to doing sth 献身于某事 46.abject to doing sth反对做某事 47.stick to doing sth坚持做某事 48.It's no good doing sth 做什么不好 49.It's no use doing sth做什么没用 50.be fond of doing sth喜欢做什么 51.look forward to doing sth盼望做某事 52.be pround of doing sth 为某事感到骄傲 53.can't help doing sth忍不住做某事 54.be tired of doing sth 做某事感到疲惫 55.be capable of doing sth有能力做某事 56.be afraid of doing sth 害怕做某事 57.think of doing sth 考虑做某事 58.burst out doing sth突然发生某事 59.be insist on doing sth坚持做某事 60.count on doing sth依靠，指望做某事 61.set about doing sth着手干某事 62.put off doing sth推迟某事 63.give up doing sth放弃做某事

64.be successful in doing sth在某方面成功

65.seewatchnoticelook athearlisten to smelltaste feel+doing sth 66.like doing sth喜欢做某事 67.stop doing sth停止手中做的事情 68.remember doing sth记起做过的事情 69.forget doing sth 忘记做过某事 70.regret doing sth对做过的事情感到后悔 71.instead of doing sth 代替某事 72.be slow in doing sth 做某事慢 73.take turns doing sth轮流做某事 74.be famous for doing sth由做某事而著名 75.be confident of doing sth对做某事有信心

76.make a countribution to doing sth 在..方面做贡献 77.There is |are sb doing sth.这里有某人正在干什么

第二篇：英语常用经典句型

英语学术论文常用经典句型

Beginning

1.In this paper, we focus on the need for

2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts

5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

Introduction

1.This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2.Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3.In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed;then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied;lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review

1.This review is followed by an introduction.2.A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3.In the next section, a brief review of the....is given.4.In the next section, a short review of...is given with special regard to...5.Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6.Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body

1.Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2.Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3.Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx

4.Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6.Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the...7.Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8.Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9.Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10.Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11.Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules

12.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13.Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14.Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance

investigation.15.Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model..20.Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23.In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system

24.In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a...scheme must satisfy.25.In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26.In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study

currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27.In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section

1.In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2.We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section

2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer

implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3.However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4.The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx

Summary

1.This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2.Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3.Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4.Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5.Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized

6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0.Abstract

1.A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2.This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3.This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4.The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5.The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6.The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7.The usefulness of xx is also considered.8.A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9.The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10.A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11.Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12.The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13.Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14.This paper analyses problems in 15.This paper outlines the functions carried out by...16.This paper includes an illustration of the...17.This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18.Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx

20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx

22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

Chapter 1.Introduction

Time

1.Over the course of the past 30 years,..has emerged form intuitive

2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world

3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the

4.The development of...is explored

5.During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions

6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years

7.There has been a turning point in...methodology in accordance with the advent of...8.A major concern in...today is to continue to improve...9.A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10.At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11.Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12.The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13.To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose

1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:

2.The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3.The paper concerns the development of a xx 4.The scope of this research lies in

5.The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6.These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit...7.The objectives of the...operations study are as follows:

8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of

9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide

10.The main objective of such a...system is to

11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:

13.In order to take advantage of their similarity

14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed

15.In this trial, the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues

17.A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18.For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19.A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring..methods

20.This illustration points out the need to specify

21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter 2.Literature Review

23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding

xx

24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade

25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning

27.However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30.Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of

32.Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33.Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34.The central issue in all these studies is to

35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to

37.Characterized the...system as 38.Developed an algorithm to

39.Developed a system called...which 40.Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce

41.Emphasized the need to

42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology

43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken 44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed

45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights

46.Point out that the problem of

47.A study on...was done / developed by [] 48.Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with

49.The approach taken by [] is

50.The system developed by [] consists

51.A paper relevant to this research was published by [] 52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to

56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that

58.Their work is based on the principle of 59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established

61.The...studies indicated that

62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question

63.Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model.They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64.Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67....is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved

68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69.An unanswered question

70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed

73.The three prime issues can be summarized:

74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to 76.It is expected to be serious barrier to

77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a comple

第三篇：英语句型

句型1 would rather that somebody did…“宁愿……；更愿意……”(表示现在或将来的愿望)would rather that somebody had done…“宁愿……；更愿意……”（表示过去的愿望）[例句] I’d rather you posted the letter right now.我想让你现在去寄信。

I’d rather you were not a celebrated actor.In that case, we could spend more time together.我到情愿你不是个知名演员，这样我们可以有更多的时间在一起。I’d rather that I hadn’t seen her yesterday.我情愿昨天没有看到她。句型2 as if/though+主语+did/had done…好像……（表示现在或将来的情况用过去时；表示过去的情况用过去完成时）[参考句型4] [例句] Our head teacher treats us as if we were her own children, so all the students in our class think highly of her.Alan talked about Rome as if he had been there.Alan谈起罗马来就好像他去过那里似的。句型3 “wish +宾语从句”，表示不大 可能实现的愿望 表示现在的愿望：主语+过去时； 表示过去的愿望：主语+had done； 表示将来的愿望：主语+would/could do [例句] How I wish we students had more free time to relax ourselves!我们学生多么希望有更多的自由时间放松自己！

I failed in the maths exam.How I wish I hadn’t wasted so much time playing!

What a pity you can’t go to the party.How I wish I could dance with you at the party!句型4 It’s high/about time that somebody did(should do)(should通常不省略)…早就该……

[例句] It’s time that you went to school.= It’s time that you should go to school.It’s high time that we did something to improve our environment.该是我们为环保做些事情了。I think it’s high time that she made up her mind.我想她该拿定主意了。句型5 情态动词+动词不定式完成结构的用法

could have done “本来可以……”（表示过去没有实现的可能）。

might have done “本来可能……；本来应该或可以做某事”（实际没有发生；含有轻微的责备语气。

should/ought to have done “本来该做某事”（而实际未做）

should not/ought not to have done “本来不该做”（实际却做过了，含有责备语气）needn’t have done “本来不必做”（但是已经做过了）

would rather have done “当时宁愿做了某事”（实际没有做过）；否定式would rather not have done表达相反意思，两者都有表示“后悔”之意。句型6 as, though, although引导的让步状语从句。

[注意]although位于句首；though位于句首或句中；as位于句中=though。它的词序是把句中强调的形容词、副词、动词或名词放在连词前。[参考倒装结构] 请注意下列句式的变化： [例句] 1.Although/Though I’m young, I already know what career I want to follow.→Young as/though I am, I already know what career I want to follow.我虽然年轻，但我已经明白我应该追随什么样的事业。

2.Although/Though I respect him very much, I cannot agree with his idea.→Much as/though I respect him, I cannot agree with his idea.虽然我很尊重他，但是我不同意他的观点。

3.Although/Though he is a child, he knows a lot of Chinese characters.→Child（省略冠词）as/though he is, he knows a lot of Chinese characters.他虽然还是个孩子，却认识了许多汉字。

4.Although he tried, he couldn’t solve the problem.→Try as he might, he couldn’t solve the problem.尽管他努力了，但是他没有解决问题。5.Although it is raining, I’m going out for a walk.→Raining as it is, I’m going out for a walk.天虽然在下雨，我还是要出去散步。

6.Strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident.这次意外虽然显得不可思议，却没有人受伤。

7.Much as I would like to help, I have a lot to do.虽然我很想帮助你，但是我有很多事要做。8.Object as you may, I will go.纵使你反对，我也要去。句型7 …before…特殊用法（1）“没来得及……就……”

[例句] The roof fell before he had time to dash into the room to save his baby.他还没有来得及冲进房间救孩子，房顶就塌了。

He ran off before I could stop him.我还没有来得及阻止，他已经跑了。

To my great disappointment, my favorite singer left the concert before I could have a word with her.让我非常失望的是，我还没有来得及和我最喜欢的歌手打招呼，她就已经离开了。句型8 …before…特殊用法（2）“过了多久才……”或“动作进行到什么程度才……”

[例句] They walked about fifty miles to the west before they saw a village.他们西行50英里才看到一个村庄。

The workers worked day and night about three days before everything returned to normal.工人们连续工作3天才使一切恢复正常。

He almost knocked me down before he knew it.他几乎撞到我了才意识到。

We had walked a long way before we found some water.我们走了很长的路才找到一点水。

Five years went by before I knew it.不知不觉，五年过去了。句型9 It was + 时间段+before….“过了多久才（怎么样）……” It was not long before….“不久，就……”

It will(not)be +时间段+before….“要过多久（不久）……才……”(before从句谓语动词要用一般时态)[例句] It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position.不久他就意识到他处境的危险。It was five days before he came back.五天后他才回来。

It will be half a year before you graduate from the school.再过半年你才能毕业。It will not be long before they understand each other.他们大概不久就会互相了解。句型10 in case of…(+n.)“以防；万一”；

in case that…“以防，万一……”（谓语动词用一般现在时态或should+动词原形）[例句] In case of fire, what should we do? Please remind me about it in case I forget/should forget.万一我忘了，请提醒我。In case(that)John comes/should come, please tell him to wait.Please take your umbrella in case(that it rains/should rain).带上雨伞，以防下雨。

句型11 It强调句型

强调句的基本构成：It is/was + 被强调的部分 + who（主要指人时）/that + 其余部分 [注意1] 这种结构可以强调句子的主语、宾语、状语（包括时间，地点，方式，原因等），但是不能强调谓语动词（参考句型15）。

原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来时态，用It is…that/who….； 原句的谓语动词如果是过去时态，用It was…that/who….；

强调时间、地点、原因或方式时不要用when, where或how, 必须用that。[例句1] I saw him in the street yesterday afternoon.→It was I who saw him in the street yesterday afternoon.（强调主语）→It was in the street that I saw him yesterday afternoon.（强调地点状语）→It was yesterday afternoon that I saw him in the street.（强调时间状语）→It was him that/who I saw in the street yesterday afternoon.（强调宾语）

[例句2] He didn’t go to bed until his mother came back.→It was not until his mother came back that he went to bed.He didn’t do his homework until his father came back from work.→It wasn’t until his father came back from work that he did his homework.[例句3] Only when you nearly lose someone do you fully realize how much you value him.→It is only when you nearly lose someone that you fully realize how much you value him.只有你快要失去某个人时，你才意识到你是多么尊重他。

[例句4] I was late again because the traffic was very heavy during the rush hour.→It was because the traffic was very heavy during the rush hour that I was late again.（强调句中只能强调由because引导的原因状语从句，because不能换成since, as, for, now that等）

[注意2]强调句的疑问结构

一般疑问句 Is / Was it +被强调部分 +who / that …?

特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+is /was +it +who / that…?

What is/was it that…? Who is/was it that…? When is/was it that…? Where is/was it that…? Why is/was it that…? How is/was it that…? [例句1] I saw him in the street yesterday afternoon.→When was it that you saw him in the street?

→Who was it that you saw in the street yesterday afternoon? →Where was it that you saw him yesterday afternoon? [例句2] I don’t know when he will come back.→I don’t know when it is that he will come back.（宾语从句疑问词后用陈述句语序）–How was it that you got in touch with Mr.Smith? 你是怎么和Smith先生联系上的？ –Trough a friend of mine.通过一个朋友。句型12（1）、祈使句（表条件）+ or/or else/ otherwise + 主句（表结果）… “否则…，要不然…”（2）、祈使句（表条件）+ and +主句（表结果）

[例句] Hurry up, or you’ll be late for class.Please call me up before you come, otherwise/or else/or we might be out.你来之前打个电话，否则，我们也许会出去。Think it over and you will find the answer.Give him an inch and he will take a mile.得寸进尺。

Work hard and you will make progress every day.好好学习，天天向上。句型13 …until….“直到……时候”；not…until…“直到……才……” [例句] You are to stay until/till your mother comes back.你得等到你妈妈回来。

The meeting was put off until ten o’clock.会议推迟到十点钟。

The villagers didn’t realize how serious the pollution was until all the fish died in the river.→Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.（倒装句）

等到湖里的鱼全死光了，村民们才意识到污染是多么严重。He didn’t go to bed until his mother came back.→It was not until his mother came back that he went to bed.（强调句）

Not until he failed in the exam did he realize that he had wasted much time playing computer games.Not until his son came back from school did he go to bed.句型14 unless…“除非，如果不……”(=if…not)[例句] I shall go tomorrow unless it rains.如果不下雨，我明天去。–Shall Tom go and play football? –Not unless he has finished his homework.除非他完成作业，否则不能出去。I won’t go unless he comes to invite me himself.除非他本人来邀请我，不然我是不会去的。

I won’t attend his birthday party unless invited(=unless I am invited).除非被邀请，否则我不 去参加的生日晚会。句型15 when引导的从句

when除了用来引导主语从句、宾语从句、时间状语从句、表语从句和定语从句，还有一种用法值得关注，那就是when引导并列分句，意思是“这时突然；就在那时”，强调另一个动作的突然发生。常用于以下句型中：（1）、主语 + be doing… when…意思是“正在做某事这时……”；（2）、主语 + be about to do…when…；（3）、主语+be on the point of(doing)…when…意思是“正要去做某事这时……” [例句] One day Chuck was on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashed.有一天，Chuck正在太平洋上飞行，这时他的飞机突然爆炸了。I don’t know when he will arrive.我不晓得他什么时候到达。

I thought of the happy days when I was in Beijing.我想起了在北京时的那段快乐日子。I believe the time will soon come when there will be no weapons in the world.我相信世界上没有武器的日子不久就会到来。

I was walking along the river when I heard a drowning boy cry for help.我正在河边行走，这时我突然听到一个落水男孩求救。

I was about to leave when it began to rain.我刚要离开，这时下雨了。

I had just finished my exam paper when the bell rang, announcing the class was over.我刚做完作业，下课铃响了。

I thought of the happy days when I was in France.我想到了在法国时那段快乐日子。I believe the time will soon come when there will be no weapons in the world.我相信世界上没有武器的日子不久就会来临。[比较] I was walking along the street when I caught sight of a tailor’s shop.我正在街上走，这时我看见一家裁缝店。

I was walking along the streets.Just at the moment I caught sight of a tailor’s shop.我在街上走。就在那时我看见一家裁缝店。句型16 while引导的从句

while除了有“当/在……时候”的意思外（注意：引导的句子谓语动词只能是延续性动词！），另外的两层意思也是考查的重点：（1）while = although “尽管”、“虽然”，引导让步状语从句；（2）while的意思是“然而；可是”，常用来表达对比关系。

[例句] While I admit that the problem is difficult, I don’t think that they can’t be solved.尽管我承认这个问题很难，但是我并不认为无法解决。While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings.虽然我承认他的优点，我也能看出他的缺点。

While I was angry with her, I didn’t lose my temper.虽然我很生气，但我当时没有对她发脾气。

While I understand your viewpoint, I don’t agree with you.虽然我了解你的见解，我还是不能同意（你）。

I earn only 120 dollars a week, while she earns 180 dollars.我一星期只赚120美元，她却赚180美元。句型17 where…（地点从句）

[注意]where引导地点从句时，可以引导定语从句或是逻辑地点状语从句。当它在定语从句中作地点状语，指代地点时，这时可以用in which, on which, at which, to which, from which等结构代替。但是它引导逻辑地点状语从句时，没有这样用法。[例句] You should put the book where it was.把书放回原处。

Persistent people begin their success where others end in failure.不屈不挠者从他人失败的地方获取成功。

Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。

Where men are greedy, there is never peace.人类贪欲不止，世界和平无望。Go where you should, keep on studying.无论你到哪里，你都应该继续学习。That is the building where my father works.那是我父亲工作的大楼。

Yesterday I went to the department store, where I met my teacher.昨天我去百货公司，就在那儿遇见了我的老师。

That’s where a change is needed.那就是需要变更的地方。

We could see the runners very well from where we stood.从我们所站的地方能很清楚地看到赛跑的选手。

You should let your children play where you can see them.你应该让小孩在你的视线所及的地方玩耍。

Potatoes can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.=Potatoes can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.（本句where引导定语从句）有些地方太冷不能种水稻，但可以种马铃薯。[请比较下面的句子结构的不同] Potatoes can be grown where it is too cold to grow rice.（本句where引导地点状语从句）句型18 what引导的从句

what在英语中非常活跃,它可以用来引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句，但是不用来引导定语从句。在句子里可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语，既可以指人，也可以指物。[例句] What is the population of the world? 世界的人口有多少？ What did you pay for this picture? 这幅画你付了多少钱？

What is most important in life isn’t money.人生最重要的并非是金钱。Will you show me what you bought? 可以把你所买的东西给我看一下吗？ Mary is no longer what she was ten years ago.Mary已经不是10年前的她了。句型19 as引导的非限制性定语从句

在as引导的非限制性定语从句中，连接代词as在句子中可以作主语、宾语或表语等，可以指人或物。其在定语从句中的位置比较灵活，即可以在句子前面，在句子中间或句子末尾。常用的结构有：as we all know;as is well known to…;as is often the case;as is said/mentioned above;as has been said before;as I told you before;as is evident;as often happens;as can be seen;as is/was expected;as we expect;as I can remember等。[注意1]as通常只指整个句子的内容，不表示部分内容。

[注意2]as引导的非限制性定语从句通常指“事先可以预料到的”“料想到的”，表达“好”的方面。[注意3]as引导限制性定语从句时，常构成the same…as…;such…as…;so/as …as…等结构。在从句中既可以指人、物，也可以指整个句子。[例句] This is also part of your work, as I told you before.我曾告诉过你，这也是你工作的一部分。The man was a teacher, as was evident from his way of speaking.从那人说话的样子可明显看出，他是个老师。

Such ideas as he hits on are worthless.像他那样偶然想起的主意是无用的。It’s the same story as I heard from her yesterday.这故事跟我从她那儿听到的相同。He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.他要尽可能找漂亮的女孩结婚。

Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.那些对世界做出巨大贡献的人们应该受到极大的尊重。句型20 which引导的非限制性定语从句（也引导限制性定语从句）

which引导的非限制性定语从句既可以指整个句子内容，也可以指句子的部分内容（如单词或词组等），在句子中可以作主语、宾语（动词或介词的）、定语等。注意它在句子中的位置：只能放在主句后，不能放在主句前。表达的内容是“不好的”、“事先没有预料到的”等时，常用which，只指物。

[例句] Yellowstone National Park, which is in Wyoming, is one of the most beautiful national parks in the world.黄石国家公园位于怀俄明州，是世界上最美丽的国家公园之一。

The clock, which my grandfather bought, is still in good order.这时钟是我祖父买的，现在还走时很准。

The picture, for which he paid an enormous amount of money, was a forgery.那幅画他花了一大笔钱购买，却是幅赝品。

She changed her mind again, which made us all angry.她又改变了主意，这使我们大家都生气了。

I lived three years in Paris, during which time I learned French.我在巴黎住了三年，在那期间我学了法语。

The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.天气结果转晴，这是我们没有预料到的。句型21（1）、疑问词+ever whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however用来引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter和what, who, which, when, where, how连用。

[例句] Whatever(=No matter what)may happen, we shall not lose hope.无论发生什么事，我们都不能失去希望。

Whatever reasons you(may)have, you should carry out a promise.无论你有什么理由，你都应该遵守诺言。

Whoever(=No matter who)comes, he will be warmly welcome.无论谁来，都会受到热烈欢迎。Whenever(=No matter when)it happened, it was certainly not yesterday.此事无论发生在何时，但绝不是昨天。

Whenever you(may)call, you will find her sitting by the window.无论什么时候你去找她，你都会看到她坐在窗边。

Wherever(=No matter where)he went, he made friends with people.Whichever(=No matter which)of them you many choose, the quality will be the same.他们当中不论你选哪一个，品质都一样。

However(=No matter how)hard I have tried, I can’t find the answer.（2）、whatever, whoever, whichever, whomever等引导名词性从句，这时不能用no matter+疑问词替换。[例句] Take whichever you want.你要哪个就拿哪个。

We will do whatever we can to help him out.我们要尽力帮助他摆脱困境。I’ll show you whatever you want to see.你想看什么我就给你看什么。Whoever did this job must be rewarded.无论谁做这件事都要得到报酬。

Whoever walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a cold.任何人在这种大雨中行走都会患感冒。

You may invite whomever（口语中常用whoever代替）you like to the party.你可以邀请你喜欢的人来参加晚会。

Take whatever magazines you want to read.你可以取阅任何你想读的杂志。倒装结构

句型22全倒装句型

（一）here, there, out, in, up, down, now, then, away等副词放在句首，句子需要全部倒装 [例句] There goes the bell!= The bell is ringing.铃响了！Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming.汽车来了。

Now comes your turn to make a short speech.该轮到你发言了。Away went the thief when he saw the police.Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.我们期盼的时候到了。[注意]（1）在这种情况下倒装仅限于不及物动词或be动词，像go, come, rush, live, stand, lie等。（2）主语是人称代词时不要倒装。如：Away he went.他走远了。句型23全倒装句型

（二）表示方位的状语放在句首，句子全倒装；谓语动词多为be, lie, stand, sit, come, walk, run, stop etc.不及物动词。[例句] On a hill in front of them stands a great castle.在他们面前的山上矗立着一座巨大的城堡。In front of the house stopped a police car.房子的全面停着一辆警车。Around the corner walks a young policeman.拐角处有个年轻的警察在行走。Under the tree sat a boy of about ten.在树下坐着一个大约10岁的男孩。句型24全倒装句型

（三）（表语）adj./ v-ing / v-ed +（地点状语）+ be（或其他动词形式）…

So adj./adv…that…如此……以至于……(so引导的句子倒装，而that引导的句子不倒装！)(这种结构是半倒装句。)[例句] Present at the meeting were the manager, all the designers and the writer.出席会议的有经理，设计师和词作者。

Fastened to the pole is the National flag.旗杆上有一面国旗。

Hidden behind the door were some naughty children.有几个顽皮的孩子藏在门后面。

Sitting at the back of the classroom were several old teachers, listening attentively to the new teacher.坐在教室后面的是几位老教师，他们在认真地听新教师的课。Gone are the days when farmers lived in the poor houses.农民住在破旧房子里的日子过去了。

Typical for China is the crosstalk show, where a pair of comedians entertains the audience with word play.相声是中国典型的喜剧，两个演员通过玩弄词藻来逗乐观众。So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.他说英语非常清晰，别人都能听懂他的话。

So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed.光运行非常快，我们几乎无法想象它的速度。

句型25 半倒装句

（一）否定意义的副词或短语放在句首，句子半倒装。这样的副词主要有：little, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, never, not at all, by no means（决不）, at no time（在任何时候都不），nowhere, in no case(无论如何都不)；not in the least(=not at all), on no condition（决不）等。

[例句] Never shall I forget you.At no time was the man aware of what was happening.那个人根本没有注意到发生的情况。Little did I understand what he said to me at that time.我那时几乎没有明白他给我说的话。It’s beyond description.Nowhere else in the world can there be such a quiet, beautiful place.那真是用语言难以形容。世界上没有其他地方会有这么安静、美丽的地方了。Not a single mistake did he make in the exam.他在考试中没有犯一个错误。By no means are these works of art satisfactory.这些艺术品根本不能令人满意。On no condition should you visit that place.你决不能去那个地方。句型26 半倒装句

（二）not only…, but also…（前一分句倒装，后一分句不倒装）[例句] Not only was everything he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship was taken away.不仅他拥有的一切被那走了，就连他的德国国籍也被取消了。

They suggested not only should we attend the party but also give a performance.他们建议我们不仅要参加晚会，还要进行表演。

Not only should we students study hard, we also should know how to enjoy ourselves in our spare time.我们学生不仅要学习好，还应该知道在课余时间怎样享受生活。句型27半倒装句

（三）neither, nor放在句首 [例句] If you don’t go to see the movie, neither will I.如果你不去看电影，我也不去。--Why didn’t you buy the jacket?

--Neither was the price satisfactory, nor did the color agree with me.价格不能令人满意，颜色也不太适合我。

I don’t like him, nor do I care about him.我不喜欢他，也不关心他。句型28 半倒装句

（四）“only + 状语”放在句首，句子半倒装 [例句] Only when the war was over did he return to work.直到战争结束他才回去工作。

Only after you have reached eighteen can you join the army.你只有到了18岁才能参军。Only in that way will we be ready for the challenges and opportunities in life.只有这样，我们对生活中的机遇和挑战才会有充分的准备。

Only by changing the way we live will we be able to save the earth.只有改变生活方式，我们才能拯救地球。

[注意]这种结构的倒装只在only引导状语的时候使用，only引导主语的时候不用倒装。Only in this way can you work out the problem.你只有用这种方法才能做出题目。Only this way can help you work out the problem.只有这种方法才能帮你做出题目。句型29 半倒装句

（五）so + be动词/助动词/情态动词等 + 主语 “……也……”（表示肯定意思）neither/nor +动词/助动词/情态动词等 + 主语 “……也……”（表示否定意思）[例句] She is interested in the story, so am I.He enjoys playing the guitar, so do I.I saw the film last night, so did he.In the past 20 years, our society has changed a lot, so have our eating habits.近20年来。我们的社会发生了很大的变化，我们的饮食习惯也变了。

Tom didn’t attend the meeting last night;nor did Mary.Tom没来参加昨晚的会议，Mary也没来。

I have never been abroad.Neither/Nor has Tom.[比较1] “so + 主语 + 助动词” 表示肯定已有的观点或事实 [例句] –We have all worked hard these days.–So we have.（的确如此）

I promised to help him, and so I did.（我确实帮助他了）[比较2] “主语 + 助动词 + so” 表示按照别人的要求去做 [例句] The wounded little boy asked me to lift him up and I did so.The doctor asked Charlie to breathe deeply and he did so.句型30 so it is with somebody = it’s the same with somebody前者怎么 样，后者也怎么样

[注意]前面既有否定句又有肯定句，或有多个谓语动词或助动词难以选择时，用此句型。[例句] John likes English but he doesn’t like maths, so it is with me(so it is the same with me).Tom is a student and he studies hard, so it is with me.–He was really manly enough to be responsible for what he had done.他像个男子汉，敢于对自己的所作所为负责。

–So he was, and so it was with you.他的确如此，你当时也一样。虚拟语气 句型31（从句）If + were/did（动词的过去式），（主句）主语 + would/might/should/could + do（表示对现在情况的假设）[例句] If I were you, I would not be so proud.如果我是你，我不会如此自负。

I don’t have a cellphone.If I had one, it would be convenient for me to get in touch with others.If I were in your position, I would think better of it.如果我处在你的位置，我会好好考虑它。句型32（从句）If + had done,（主句）主语+ would/might/should/could +have done（表示对过去或已经发生事情的虚拟假设）

[例句] What a pity it is that you didn’t attend the concert yesterday!If you had attended the concert, you would have seen the famous singer.真遗憾昨天你没有去听音乐会。如果你去了，就能见到那位著名歌手。Anyone in his position would have done the same.=If anyone had been in his position, he would have done the same.任何处在他位置的人都会这样做的。句型33（从句）If + were/did（动词过去式）/were to do/should do，（主句）主语+ would/might/should/could + do（表示对将来的假设）[例句] If he should refuse(= If he were to refuse=If he refused), it didn’t matter at all.万一他拒绝了，那也没关系。

If you shouldn’t pass the college entrance examination, what would you do? 万一高考不中，你该怎么办？ 句型34虚拟语气条件句的倒装

在虚拟条件句中，如果出现有were, had, should，可以省去if, 把这些词放在句子前面，构成虚拟倒装句。[例句] Should he act like that again, he would be fined.如果他还这样做，就要受罚。

Had the doctor come in time last night(=If the doctor had come in time last time), the boy would have been saved.昨天晚上要是医生及时到达，小孩就会得救。Were I to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes.Had I enough money(= If I had enough money), I would buy a larger house.句型35 if only引起的感叹句，相当于 “How I wish + 宾语从句”，意思是“但愿……；要是……就好了” [例句] If only he could come!他要是能来就好了！

If only we students didn’t have so much homework！要是没有这么多的作业该多好！If only I hadn’t been so careless in the exam!我当时没有那么粗心就好了！句型36 if it were not for…(= were it not for…)

if it hadn’t been for…(= had it not been for…)“要不是因为有……；如果不是……” [注意]这种结构中不能用否定结构的缩写形式，即不能用weren’t it for…）

[例句] If it hadn’t been for(= Had it not been for)the determined captain, all the passengers on board wouldn’t have been saved.要不是船长一直坚强，船上的旅客就不会得救。

If it were not for your rich parents, you couldn’t live so easy a life.要不是你父母有钱，你的生活不会如此安逸。

If it were not for the expense, I would go abroad now.如果不是因为经费问题，我现在就出国了。句型37 “but for + 名词”和“but that +从句”，意思是“倘若不是；要不是”，接虚拟语气

[例句] But for air and water, nothing could live.(= If there were no air or water, nothing could live.)如果没有空气和水，什么东西都难以生存。

But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.= If it hadn’t been for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.如果不是暴风雨，我们早就到了。

But for you, we couldn’t have carried out the plan.要不是你的话，我们无法实施那项计划。She could not have believed it but that she saw it.若非亲眼所见，她是不会相信的。句型38 在动词insist（1坚持做某事），order, command（2命令）, advise, suggest, propose（3建议做某事），demand, require, request, ask（4要求）等表示建议、命令、要求的名词性从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。基本句型：主语+(should)+ 动词原形。另外像decide, desire, intend, recommend等也要接(should)+动词原形结构。[例句] Mother insists that Tom(should)go to bed at nine o’clock.（宾语从句）We suggested that the meeting(should)be held at once.It was required that the crops(should)be harvested at once.（主语从句）The suggestion that he(should)be invited was rejected.（同位语从句）That is their demand that their wages(should)be increased.（表语从句）[注意1] advice, suggestion, order, demand, proposal, request, desire, command, decision, requirement等名词引导的同位语从句或表语从句，谓语动词用(should)+ 动词原形。[注意2] It’s suggested/ advised/ demanded/ordered/requested/proposed/required/desired等结构后的主语从句中，谓语动词用(should)+ 动词原形。

[注意3]suggest意思是“表明，暗示；说明”时；insist意思是“坚持观点，坚持看法”时，句子不能用虚拟语气。[例句] He insisted that he was innocent.=He insisted on his innocence.他坚持说自己是无辜的。He insisted that he had never done wrong.他坚持说没有做错事情。

Are you suggesting that I’m not suited for the job? 你是在暗示说我不适合做那项工作？ The look on his face suggested that the teacher was quite satisfied with the result.脸上的表情说明老师对结果感到满意。句型39 It is necessary/important/natural/impossible/essential（基本的）等结构后的主语从句中要用虚拟语气，即主语+(should)+动词原形 [例句] It’s necessary that Tom take the exam first.Tom有必要先参加考试。

With the society developing very fast, it’s quite necessary/important that we(should)have a good knowledge of English and computer.随着社会的快速发展，我们有必要精通英语和电脑。句型40 It’s strange/surprising/a pity/a shame/a surprise(that)… should do…should表示“竟然” [例句] It’s a pity that she should miss the chance.很遗憾她错过了机会。

It’s really surprising that a prophecy（预言）should coincide with the fact so exactly.令人惊讶的是，预言和事实竟然如此巧合。

It’s strange that he shouldn’t pass the exam.奇怪的是他竟然没有通过考试。句型41 prefer(1)prefer to do sth 例：I prefer to stay at home.我宁愿呆在家里。(2)prefer doing sth 例：I prefer playing in defence.我喜欢打防守。(3)prefer sb to do sth 例：Would you prefer me to stay? 你愿意我留下来吗？(4)prefer to do sth rather than do sth ……宁愿…...而不愿.…“.例句：I prefer to stay at home rather than go out 我宁愿呆在家里而不愿出去.(5)prefer doing sth to doing sth 例：I prefer watching football to playing it.我喜欢看篮球，不喜欢打篮球。(6)prefer sth to sth 例：I prefer tea to coffee.我要茶不要咖啡。句型42 seem(1)It +seems + that从句

例：It seemed that everyone was satisfied.看来好像每个人都很满意。(2)It seems to sb that---例：It seems to me that she is right.我看她是对的，(3)There seems to be----例：There seems to be a heavy rain.看上去要有一场大雨。(4)It seems as if----例：It seemed that she couldn't come to class.看样子她不能来上课了。句型43 表示“相差……；增加了……；增加到……”句型：(1)She is taller than I by three inches.她比我高三英寸(2)There is one year between us.我们之间相差一岁。(3)She is three years old than I 她比我大三岁。

(4)They have increased the price by 50%.他们把价格上涨了50% 句型44 too句型：

(1)too．．．to do sth．

例：Politics is too important to be left to the politicians．

（＝Politics is so important that it can't be left to the politicians．）政治太重要了，不能由政治家来决定。(2)only too---to do sth 例：I shall be only too pleased to get home.我要回到家里就非常高兴。(3)too + adj + for sth 例：These shoes are much too small for me.我穿这双鞋太小了。(4)too + adj + a + n.例：This is too difficult a text for me.这篇课文对我来说太难了。(5)can't … too +形容词 无论……也不为过

例：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。句型45 before 句型：

(1)before sb can/ could … 某人还没来得及……

例：Before I could get in a word，he had measured me． 我还没来得及插话，他就给我量好了尺寸(2)It will be +时间+ before + 还有多长时间……

例：It will be 4 years before he graduates.他还有四年时间变毕业了。(3)had done some time before（才……）

例：We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.我们航行了四天四夜才见到陆地。(4)had not done---before---不到……就…… 例：We hadn’t run a mile before he felt tired.我们还没走到一英里路就觉得累了。

(5)It was not +一段时间+ before 不多久就…… 例：It wasn’t two years before he left the country.还没到两年他们离开了那国家。句型46 用于表示过去未实现的希望和计划的句型：

(1)should like to/ would like to/ would love to have done sth.例：You should like to have written to your mother.你本应当给你母亲写信。

(2)was / were going to do sth.（用过去将来时态表示原打算做什么）例：Lucy was going to watch a basketball match.Lucy 原打算看一场篮球比赛。

(3)was / were going to have done sth.表示未完成原来的计划和安排 例：Lily was going to have cleaned her bedroom, but she had no time.Lily 原打算清理她的卧室，但她没时间。

(4)expect, intend, hope, mean, plan, promise, suppose, think, want, wish ．．．

常用过去完成时态,在这些词后接宾语从句或者接不定式的一般形式； 或者用一般过去时态后面接不定式的完成形式表示过去未曾实现的愿望 例：She had supposed him to be very rich.她原以为他很有钱。(5)wish that …had done sth.表示过去未曾实现的愿望．

例：I wish he had been here yesterday.要是他昨天在这儿就好了。(6)情态动词should ,would, could, might, ought to等后接不定式的完成时，表示过去本该做，打算做，想做而未做的事情． should have done =ought to have done 本应该做而没做 would have done = 本来就会去做某事而没做 could have done = 本可以做某事而没做 might have done 本可以做而没做

例：They ought to have apologized.他们本该道歉的。句型47 倍数句型：

(1)倍数＋比较级＋than．．．，例：The room is twice larger than that one．这个房间是那个房间的两倍大。

There is 30 times greater chance of being hit by lightening than being attacked by a shark.(2)倍数＋as＋原级＋as．．．，例：The room is three times as large as that one． 这个房间是那个房间的三倍。

(3)倍数＋the size ／height／length ／weight ／width of．．． 例：The room is three times the size of that one． 这个房间是那个房间的3倍大。

句型48 比较句型：(1)原级比较：

例：English is not so difficult a subject as Russia.英语不是和像俄语一样难的科目。

Their bones are not as thick as adults’.他们的骨头和成年人的不一样厚。(2)一方超过另一方：

例：The weather of this year is a lot hotter than that of last year.今年的气候比上一年的气候要热得多。(3)一方不如另一方：

例：The restoration was so bad that it made some of the buildings less secure than they had been before.修复工作是如此的糟，以致于它使得一些建筑没有以前安全了。(4)The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...）

例：The harder you work, the more progress you make.你愈努力，你愈进步。

The more books we read, the more learned we become.我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。(5)more….than…与其说…倒不如说 例：Smith is more diligent than intelligent.与其说Smith聪明倒不如说他勤奋。

(6)no +形容词比较级+ than = as +形容词的反义词+ as 例：I am no better at English than you.我的英语不比你好。(7)that 在前后比较中代替不可数名词和特指的单数可数名词 例：The traditional picture of St Nicholas is quite different from that of Father Christmas.(8)one 在前后比较中代替泛指的单数可数名词。

例：I prefer a flat in Beijing to one in Nanjing, because I want to live near my Mom's.与南京相比我更喜欢在北京有一套公寓，因为我想跟我妈妈住一起。(9)those 在前后比较中代替 特指的复数可数名词。例：Salaries are higher here than those in my country.这儿的工资比我们国家的高。

(10)ones 在前后比较中代替泛指的复数可数名词

例：Cars do cause us some health problems---in fact far more serious ones than mobile phones do.汽车确实给我们的身体健康带来问题，事实上比手机造成的问题更严重。句型49 感叹句型：

(1)What a + Adj + N + S + V!例：What an important thing it is to keep our promise!

信守我们的诺言是多么的重要啊！(2)How + Adj + a + N + V!（多么...！）

例：How important a thing it is to keep our promise!遵守诺言是多么重要的事！(3)How + S + V!

例句：How I want to go to Beijing.我多么想去北京啊！句型50 表法猜测的句型：

(1)must have done sth 一定做过某事 否定形式：can't have done 例：She must have come here last night.她一定是昨晚来的。She can't have gone there 她不可能到那儿去。

(2)may have done sth 可能做过某事 否定形式：may not have done 例：Philip may have been hurt seriously in the car accident.Philip 可能在这次车祸中伤得很严重。

(3)might have done sth 或许做过某事 否定形式: might not have done 例：She might have known what the bottle contained.她或许知道这个瓶子里装的是什么。(4)should have done sth 估计已经做了某事 否定形式：should not have done 例：She should have arrived in her office by now.她此刻估计已经到达办公室了。句型51 动词不定式常用句型：

(1)It takes / took / will take sb.some time / money to do sth.某人花/花了/将花多长时间/多少钱做某事.例句：It took me years of hard work to speak good English.为了讲一口流利的英语,我花了多年时间刻苦操练.(2)It is + adj +for/of sb to do sth 例：Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the Union.林肯说南方脱离联邦是不对的。It was careless of Tom to break the cup.(3)Sb.have / has / had no choice but to do...某人除了做……别无选择.例句：We had no choice but to take a taxi for we'd missed the last bus.由于错过了最后一