第一篇：新东方推荐写作

2004考研英语辅导：新东方推荐写作范文(1)

作者：新东方写作主讲教师 汪海涛

Cultures--National and International

写作要求：

1)describe the picture and interpret its meaning

2)give your comment on the phenomenon

写作提纲：

第一段：详细描述图画信息(外貌、表情、服饰)

第二段：阐释图画文化背景(中国文化走向世界)

第三段：对待两种文化态度

中国传统文化：保存与珍惜

世界不同文化：取其精华，去其糟粕

This picture vividly depicts a lovely American girl dressed in traditional Chinese costume with a sweet smile on her face.She wears ribbons, earrings，necklaces and other accessories that are characteristic of the clothes of a certain Chinese minority group;Undoubtedly, the costume has added oriental glamour to her beautiful features.这幅画生动地描绘了一个可爱的美国女孩穿着传统中国服装，面带微笑。她佩带着发带、耳环、项链和其它的服装配饰，这些配饰具有中国某少数民族服装的特点。毫无疑问，这种服装为她的美貌增添了东方魅力。

What the picture conveys goes far beyond merely a new fashion trend.Instead, it carries cultural implications as well.The fact that people from other nations are attracted to the mysterious Chinese culture indicates that to some extent a culture can be accepted, respected, appreciated and shared internationally.In other words, one nation's distinctive culture can become international through world-wide economic and cultural exchanges.Since the trend of globalization seems irresistible, the increasing cultural exchanges will effectively improve mutual understanding and friendship.这幅画所传达的信息远远不止于时尚新潮流，而是附带着文化方面的潜在含义。来自与其它国家的人正在被神秘的中国文化所吸引，这样一个事实表明某种程度上一种文化可以被接受、尊重、欣赏并在全世界范围内分享。换句话说，一个国家的独特文化可以通过世界范围内的经济文化交流走向世界。由于全球化的趋势不可阻挡，越来越多的文化交流将有效地促进共同的理解与友谊。

In my opinion, national culture, as a priceless spiritual treasure, should be preserved and cherished.Meanwhile there are good reasons to advocate international culture, for those ideas from other cultures, controversial or even absurd at first sight, can provide a different perspective for us to observe the world.However, when we are confronted with a different culture, we should be sensible enough to absorb its essence and resist its dark side.Only in this way can we promote cultural development positively and make our world dimensional, colorful and vigorous.(223WORDS)

在我看来，民族文化，作为一种无价的精神财富，应当被保存与珍惜。同时我们有充分的理由提倡世界文化。这是因为其它文化中的理念，尽管刚一接触显得格格不入甚至荒谬，可以为我们提供一种观察世界的不同视角。然而，当我们面对一种不同文化时，我们应当充满理智地去取其精华、去其糟粕。只有这样我们才能促进文化的健康发展，并且使我们的世界多元化，多姿多彩，充满生机。

考研英语辅导：新东方推荐写作范文(2)

作者：新东方写作主讲教师汪海涛

向美国IBM公司订购新一代计算机

1.IBM新产品信息来源

2.订购计算机原因(公司信誉+产品质量)及订购数量

3.要求对方详细介绍新产品的性能和售后服务

4.询问价格和付款方式

5.提出交货时间地点

Dear Sir/Madam，We happened to find rich information about 2003 IBM new products from your company's web page, and we developed great interest in these new wonders of technology.我们偶然在贵公司网页上发现了IBM2003版新产品的丰富信息，并且对这些新的技术奇迹产生了浓厚的兴趣。

As we are planning to start a training program about web technology, computers need to be installed in our newly established lab.For this reason we have decided to place ansgroupsof these new series with due consideration of the high reputation of your company and the high quality of your products.The firstsgroupswill be 100 computers.If necessary, we'll make a largersgroupsnext year.由于我们正打算启动一个新的网络技术培训项目，需要在新改建的实验室中安装一批电脑。考虑到贵公司的声誉良好、产品优质，我们决定订购这些新一代的计算机。第一次想订购100台。如果可能的话，我们明年将增加订量。

Please give us detailed accounts concerning functions of these new products and after-sale service.It will be better if a handbook is provided on maintenance and compatibility of the computer as soon as possible.请给我们提供关于产品性能和售后服务的详细记录。如果能够尽快提供电脑维修和兼容性的手册就更好了。

We also need to know the price of each style and the terms of payment.Please takesintosconsideration a proper discount because it is a wholesale deal and we desire a long-term cooperation.我们还需要知道每款电脑的价格以及付款方式。请考虑给予适当的优惠，因为我们是单位批发，并且我们盼望能够长期合作。

We wonder if it is convenient for you to deliver the goods to the headquarters of Beijing New Oriental School on May 31, 2003.We would like to express our gratitude for your kind consideration of the request.We look forward to your reply as soon as possible.不知是否方便在2003年5月31日把货物发给北京新东方学校总部。非常感谢能考虑到此要求。我们期待尽快收到你们的回信。

Yours sincerely

Tony Wang

(212 words)

第二篇：新东方写作

Section III Writing

Part A 小作文部分

【题目要求】

51.Directions:

Write a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)

【题目类型】

2007年小作文延续了05和06年的考试要求，继续考查事务信函。由于其它应用文模式太过灵活，不便统一命题或评分，书信始终成为各类考试考 官最偏爱的题型。在考查过辞职信和申请信后，本次改换成了信函主题的另一种类型：建议信。建议信的写法往往和大作文的第三段——建议措施段类似，即向某个 特定单位提出业务或服务改进的建议。但给考生一定灵活度，可以自由发挥建议的内容。

【审题构思】

本题要求中设定的收信对象为图书馆，因此明确为事务信函，按照惯例需要文字较正式。题目中暗示信息很少，只有三个线索：图书馆、提建议、提高服务质量。实际上信息越少，限制控制越少，考生灵活发挥的空间就比较大，可以从多方面提出不同的建议，只要合理就能满足要求。

信函仍然可以通过三部分展开，在第一段中，直接点明主题，开门见山说出意图，可以笼统地提出图书馆服务质量不尽人意，有待改善提高。第二段则要 发挥想象力，从2-3个方面点出可以改进的地方。当然，简单的思路可以立即展开，问题可以多种多样，如没有保安、办证繁琐、不提供开水、工作人员态度冷 漠、空调失灵、卫生条件差、取书速度慢、卡片编号混乱等，针对这些问题提出建议即可。当然，也可以稍微具体和深入一点，联想到流通中心缺乏咨询台、学生借 不到最新的外文期刊、某些读者在阅览室吸烟和聊天没有人维持秩序等。当然，大多数考生会围绕着最容易想到的工作人员服务态度差展开论述，考官相对容易感到 审美疲劳，我们不妨找一些具体一些的建议展开。最后一段应当以套用经典句型来结束，由于提出建议的目的是让对方高度重视和解决，不能批评过度或语气太生 硬，我们往往用感谢、希望和期待来结束。

【推荐范文】

Dear sir or madam,(To whom it may concern,)

I am writing this letter for the purpose of making some suggestions for improving the service of our university library.Although our library functions effectively in providing academic materials and enriching our campus life, its service goes far from being desired.In my eyes the following measures need to be taken as soon as possible.Firstly, why not arrange an inquiry desk at the circulation hall? With the help of a professional librarian, students can go through the

procedures more efficiently.In addition, students should have access to the latest issues of foreign magazines.It’s inadequate to provide merely back issues to the students at the periodical room.Lastly, you’d better maintain strict order at the reading room.I frequently found myself disturbed by certain students chatting and smoking there.I sincerely hope that you will take my advice into consideration，and I look forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.Sincerely yours,Li Ming

(157 words)

译文：

尊敬的先生/女士：

我写此信的目的是为了提几个建议，提高我校图书馆的服务质量。尽管我校图书馆在提供学习资料和丰富校园生活方面发挥了有效的功能，但服务却远不尽人意。在我看来，需要尽快采取以下几个措施。

首先，为什么不在借阅大厅安排一个咨询台呢？如果有专业图书管理员的指导，学生们可以更加高效地办理各种手续。此外，学生们应当能够借阅最新外 文期刊。在期刊阅览室中只提供过刊是不够的。最后一点，您们最好严格维持阅览室的秩序，本人就有数次在那里被聊天和吸烟的学生干扰。

我真诚地希望您能仔细考虑我的建议, 并且期望尽快收到您的回信。

李明

【语言分析】

从本次考试的命题来看，考研对信函格式的要求很低，专门提示不用写具体姓名和地址，而信函格式最讲究的就是地址的写法。其实，我们只要把握最基 本的开头和结束语就可以了。由于收信人姓名不详，开头可以参照常用写法：Dear sir or madam, / To whom it may concern，而结束语可以用Sincerely yours / Yours sincerely等等。

范文中构架清晰，框架语言包括开头的“I am writing this letter for the purpose of”, 建议措施段中的 “firstly”, “ in addition”和

“lastly”。信函在项目排序上讲究语言简洁明了，让收信人直接看到要点，因此不用考虑太复杂的词组。结尾的语言“I sincerely hope that you will take my advice into consideration，and I look forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.”属于黄金表达，用起来专业自然。此外，本文在另外两个语域中进行尝试，一为图书馆术语，包括 “inquiry desk”, “circulation hall”, “professional librarian”, “latest issues”, “back issues”, “periodical room”, “reading room”；第二个层面是议论文词组，包括 “for the purpose of”, “goes far from being desired”, “ In my eyes”, “take measures”, “go through the procedures”, “ have access to”, “maintain strict order”, “take into consideration”, “look forward to”。句型表达上，“I frequently found myself disturbed by certain students chatting and smoking”一句中同时设置过去分词和现在分词，在语法上增加了难度和特色。

Part B 大作文部分

【题目要求】

52.Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should

1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning, and then

3)support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)

【题目类型】

不出所料，2007年大作文继续考查难度颇大的图画作文，通过一个足球赛的关键场面来说明自信的重要性。考前我在网站上发表的一篇“考研写作命 题的五大浅规则”中，论述了“和谐社会”命题公式中的三个层次，其中第一个层次是个人和谐发展，推荐的五个参考题目中第一个就是“自信的重要性”，那么

这 次的考题不幸被我推理言中了。只不过没想到命题专家居然在05和06年后第三次利用了跟足球有关的画面，前两年考过了养老和偶像崇拜，这次通过球赛来说明 自信的重要。

【审题构思】

命题中提供的信息比往年有所减少，比如题目(title)的缺失，对题目说明的文字也没有提供，而图画下面的说明语也没有。除了一个简单提纲框架就剩下图画了，因此考生的现场推理能力和对命题惯性思路的把握能力非常重要。图画作文往往有两种表现形式，讽刺漫画需要给出解决措施和建议，而歌颂性漫画需要表现一个道理，让考生推理并举例论证。这次命题似乎在把两种模 式相融合。漫画中表现出球员缺乏自信的问题，反面说明了树立自信在生存和竞争中的重要性。那么就不需要提出建议了，直接举例说明自信极为重要就可以。根据提纲要点，作文可分为三段。首段仍然是描述图画信息，先说明是场足球赛，之后进入射门球员和守门员的细节描述。射门球员在关键时刻把对手想 象得过于高大，以至于自己很难把球射中；而守门员把仔细想象得太渺小，球门到处都是漏洞，似乎自己守门成功无望。显然，两个人都因紧张而失去了自信。第二 段可以从足球赛引申到我们的生活，生活节奏加快、竞争加剧、考试残酷而就业艰难，种种挑战都需要我们树立强大的自信，如果总是高估问题和对手而看轻自己的 实力，我们就会犹豫怀疑而无法成功。按照提纲要求，第三段举一个和多个例子都可以。在自信方面刘翔是中国人都知道的例子，他因自信而百战百胜，创造了世界 记录。考生也能自然想到自己的奋斗，没有自信考研无法成功。也可以举反面的例子，某某如何缺乏自信而导致失败，当然作文的惯例是在结尾走向正面总结，强调 自信确实非常重要。

【推荐范文】

This cartoon humorously presents a scene of a football game with the two rivals facing each other.The striker on one team is preparing to make a decisive shoot while the goal-keeper on the opposite team is posing for defence.However, under overwhelming pressure both of them are losing their confidence.The striker magnifies the goal-keeper in his mind so that chances of shooting in are slim.Likewise, the goal-keeper minimizes his own image as if he couldn’t defend the goal successfully.这幅漫画幽默地呈现了足球赛的一个场面，两个对手正在面对面较量。其中一个队的射门球员正准备做出决定性的射门动作，而对手球队守门员也摆出了 防御的姿势。然而，在巨大的压力之下，两个人的信心都在丧失。射门球员头脑中放大了守门员的形象，以至于射中的可能性几乎不可能。同样，守门员把自己想得 很小，似乎他无法成功地守住球门。

Apparently, the purpose of the picture is to emphasize the importance of self-confidence in our daily life.On account of the quickening pace

of life, competition goes increasingly fierce in all walks of life, imposing tremendous pressure on all inpiduals.The past few years have witnessed dramatic increase in the difficulty of examinations and

employment.We must maintain powerful self-confidence and optimism in the face of challenges so as to survive and succeed.Suppose we are inclined to overestimate our rivals or problems and neglect our ability, we will become hesitating and doubtful of ourselves, unable to fulfill even a simple task.Therefore, it is necessary to embrace the strong faith that we are indomitable and invincible.图画的目的明显是要强调自信在日常生活中的重要性。由于生活节奏加快，各行各业的竞争变得日益激烈，给所有人都造成了强大的压力。过去几年中，考试和就业的难度都在剧烈增加。我们面对挑战，必须怀有强大的自信和乐观才能生存和成功。假如我们习惯于高估我们的竞争对手和问题，并且忽视我们自己的能 力，我们就会变得犹豫不决、怀疑自己，甚至简单的事情也办不成。因此，我们有必要坚信我们能够百折不挠并且不可战胜。

A case in point is the world famous star hurdler, Liu Xiang.He invariably imagines positively that he can win in every hurdle race, never shrinking in front of other experienced players.That’s why he works wonders again and again.As for me, I am participating in the college admission examination for graduates with thousands of competitors.Having prepared sufficiently for one year, I have powerful self-assurance that I can cruise to my dream university.As the saying goes, our only enemy is ourselves.Only by building strong self-confidence can we demonstrate grace under pressure and turn our dreams into reality.一个恰当的例子是世界著名的跨栏赛跑明星刘翔。他总是积极地想象自己每场比赛都能胜出，面对其他经验丰富的选手时从不退缩，因此他一次又一次地 创造了奇迹。对于我本人来说，我正在和成千上万的竞争者一起参加研究生入学考试。在充分复习了一年以后，我深信我能成功地考上梦想中的学校。正如谚语说 过，我们唯一的敌人是我们自己。只有树立强大的自信，我们才能在压力之下毫无惧色并且把梦想变成现实。

【语言分析】

以上范文在内容、结构、用词和句型方面都有所设计，基本达到了高分作文所追求的效果。

从内容上看，图画描述部分步步深入，语言充实；意义阐释部分把自信的重要性通过正面和反面进行了论证，最后一段提到了刘翔和考研勇士的自信，正面强调了自信在竞争中的巨大作用。

从结构上看，第一段由表面到细节，分别描述两个球员的攻防状态和丧失自信的心理变化，描述部分进行了细节对比和语言均衡分配，达到了充分描述的 目的。第二段采取了起承转合的构造法，即点明寓意——原因现状说明——反面论证——正面总结的结构，使得意义得到透彻的说明，语言饱满。第三段举了两个例 子，各用两三句概括。通过他人和自己的正面体验，表达自信的重要，最后再次总结全文，烘托主题。

从用词上看，首先是描述段表现足球赛的用词，分别提到了对手(rival)、射门球员(striker)、射门(shoot)、守门员(goal-keeper)、对方球队(opposite team)、防守姿态(pose for defence)、球门(goal)、守门(defend the goal)等专门术语和表达。其次，作文中使用的特色表达如放大(magnify)、缩小(minimize)、百折不挠(indomitable)、不 可战胜(invincible)、总是

(invariably)等, 把语言增大了难度。用词在广度上也进行了拓展，在强调“自信”主题时，先后分别使用了“self-confidence”、“optimism”、“embrace strong faith”、“self-assurance”等表达；而巨大的压力和强大的自信，则分别使用了形容词“overwhelming”、“tremendous”、“dramatic”、“strong”、“powerful”；“竞争者”则用 “rivals”和 “competitors”。文中的几个词组各具特色，“slim chances”、“maintain

self-confidence”、“work wonders”、“cruise to”在不同段落中点缀，加强了语言的亮度。

从句型上看，有三类句型别具特色。首先是结构性句型，三段的段首句有效架起了文章构架，再加上“however”、“on account of”、“therefore”、“as for me”等短语，起到了承上启下的作用。第二类是语法难句，包括虚拟句——“as if he couldn’t„”(第一段)和倒装句——“The past few years have witnessed dramatic increase„”(第二段);“Only by building strong self-confidence can we„”(第三段)。第三类是起到画龙点睛作用的谚语和名言，在文章结尾，首先借用了一句家喻户晓的谚语来烘托主题 “As the saying goes, our only enemy is ourselves”，最后提到了著名强者作家海明威的名言——“show grace under pressure”，成功总结了自信带来的巨大作用。

第三篇：新东方英语六级写作万能理由

写作原则

内容简单化

结构模式化（主题句-分论点-总结）

语言要包装

错误要回避

万能理由(Omnipotence)：

1、方便：convenient/convenience2、效率：efficient/efficiently/efficiency3、节省和浪费：save time/money/space;economical, thrift

waste time/money/space;costly, lavish

4：人的心理健康：independent, cooperative, competitive,considerate, confident, creative, sociable,perseverance;selfish, isolated, conservative5、人的身体健康：health, disease, strong, strength, energetic6、娱乐：colorful, pleasure, joy, recreation, entertainment, relax

tired, boring, lonely7、环境：environment, pollute, poisonous, dirty8、安全和危险：safe, danger, risk

9：经验：experience, social experience, enter the society10、人际：humane, fair, unfair, help, assist, freedom, freely

基本表达(Basic Elements of English Writing)：

越来越：be increasingly + adj.,be on the rise,the growing number of

人们认为：it isgenerally/widelybelieved/held/agreedthat

许多问题：a host of/a number ofproblems

引起人们注意：claim call/attract general/public/world attention to sth.意识到：there is a growing awareness/realization of/that,awaken sb.to the fact/danger 适应新的形势/变化：adapt/adjust/accommodate oneself to new environment/change 接触各种思想/经历：be exposed to new ideas/experiences/problems

接触社会：come into frequent/close contact with the world/society

获得成功：achieve/accomplish success

提出观点/建议：advance / put forward / come up withthe arguments/ideas/suggestions 作出努力：make tremendous/persistent/sustained effort to do sth., take great pains to

do(with work/study)

影响学习/工作：interfere with studies/work

产生影响：have/exert a profound influence on life/personality, have a dramatic/undesirable

effect on

较好地驾驭生活：be a better pilot of one's life

剥夺机会/权力：deprive oneself of the chance/right/opportunity

取代就的方式：substitute for/take the place of the old way

采取措施：take effective steps/measures to

控制我们的环境：take/gain increasing control over our own environment

躲避危险/挑战：shy/run away from the dangers/challenge

满足要求：meet/satisfy/accommodate the demand of

补偿损失：compensate for/make up for the loss/damage

解释某现象：account for/explain the phenomenon

对……很好的了解：have a better understanding/appreciation of, have a new perspective

on.provide/gain an insight into

把某因素考虑进去：take sth.Into account(consideration), give much thought to 品位人生/自由/青春：savor the life/freedom/youth

培养对……的信心：develop/foster one's interest/confidence in

经历变化/困难/艰险：undergo/experience great changes/hardships/experience 表现出自信心等：project one's confidence/feeling/image

生活充满不公正的地方：life is full of minor irritation/injustice

追求学习/职业：pursue one's academic interest/professional career

学习知识/技术：pursue/acquire knowledge/technology/skill

被看作学习的……榜样：be held up as a good example

交流经验/知识：share experience/ideas/problems/knowledge

发挥/起到重要作用：play an(important/active/great)role/part

逃学/缺课：skip school/a class/a meeting/a lecture

知识/经验丰富：rich in knowledge/experience

确立/追求目标：set/pursue a goal/higher standard

到达目标：achieve/accomplish/stain the goal/aim/objective

克服困难：overcome obstacles/difficulty

面临危险/困难：be confronted/facedwith/in the face of danger/difficulty

阻碍了成功：stand in the way of success, be an obstacle/barrier to success/growth 阻碍了发展：hamper/impede/stunt the development of

持传统的看法：hold conventional wisdom

发表看法：voice/express one's opinion

持相反/合理的观点：take the opposite/fresh view

揭穿某种一贯的说法：shatter the myth of

求得帮助：enlist one's support/help

缩小差别：bridge/narrow/fill the gap/gulf(between city and country)

把成功/错误归咎于：attribute/own the success/failure to

对……重要：be indispensable/important/vital to

施加压力：put/exert a academic pressure on

重视：assign/attach much importance/significance to

强调：place/put much emphasis/stress/value on

把注意力集中在：focus/concentrate one's attention/efforts/thoughts upon

提供机会/信息：provide/offer/furnish an opportunity/information for sb.抓住机会：grab/seize/take the opportunity

得到机会：enjoy/gain access to a opportunity/information

有可能：there is(little/much)possibility/likelihood that, chances/the odds are that 展开竞争：compete against/with sb.for the prize/position/control/the mastery of

开展运动：conduct(carryon/undertake/initiate/launch/wage)a

(vigorous/nation-wide/publicity/advertising)campaign(for/against)

对我很有/没有什么意义：make much/little sense to me

带来无穷的幸福/满足：be a source of happiness satisfaction/contentment/pride/complaint 献身于：devote/dedicate/commit oneself to a cause/career

大不（没什么）两样：make much(little/no)difference

真正重要的是：what really matters/accounts is …

改变生活旅程：change/alter the course of life

建立在大量的学习/实践上：built on tremendous amount of study/practice

进行调查/执行任务：conduct/carry out an study/task/experiment

辞去工作/学习：leave/quit one's job/work/school

参加考试/竞赛等：enter(for)the examination/contest, race

参加活动/讨论：take part/participate/be engaged in sports/activities/discussion 影响思想/态度/事件的形成：shape one's thinking/attitude

进入大学/社会/家庭/劳力市场/职业：enter a school/college/society/the work

force/professionals

实现自己的理想/愿望：realize/fulfill/achieve one's dream(hops/wish/desire)

减轻压力/紧张：reduce/alleviate/relieve the stress/pressure/tension

提高社会地位：enhance/improve/upgrade social status/position/standing rise to the

position of leadership

提高技术/能力：sharpen(increase/improve/enhance/boost)one's skill/ability

加快/促进发展：accelerate/facilitate/advance/enhance/boostthe development of 随着生活节奏的加快：with the quickening pace/rhythm/tempo of modern life/society

开阔眼界/兴趣：broaden one's interest/outlook, expand(broaden/enlarge)one's mental

horizons

有助于了解/发展/宣传/解决：contribute much/little/greatly/to a better understanding of/the

popularity of/the growth of/the solution of

有助于解决问题：go a long way to(towards)solving the problem

迷恋名利/分数：be obsessed/preoccupied with grades/fame/fortune

把时间花/浪费在：spend/waste time doing sth., put in hours doing sth.利用机会/技术：make(full/better)use of/take advantage of opportunity/time, tap/harness

technology potential/skills/talent

把知识/经验运用到…：apply/put the theory/knowledge/experience… to practice/daily

life/good use

取得进步：make much progress/strides/gains in

充分发挥潜力/能力：develop one's ability/potential to the full, give full play to one's ability 充满激情/渴望：have a burning desire/a great passion for

典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：

（启）Paragraph I：（1）引出将要评论的事物或者是观点；

（2）简明扼要的提出人们在这个问题上的两种不同看法。（承）ParagraphII：（1）提出一种观点或优点；

（2）本段的支持性分论点；

（3）本段总结（可以省略）。

（转）Paragraph III：（1）承上启下的过渡句；

（2）提出另一种观点或缺点；

（3）本段的支持性分论点

（4）本段总（可以省略）。

（合）Paragraph IV：（1）平衡两种看法；

（2）给出自己的观点

Reading Selectively Or Extensively?

Outline: 1.有人认为读书要有选择

2.有人认为应当博览群书

3.我的想法

How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.（启）

注：1.第一句提出问题，第二句提出两种见解

Some people think we should read selectively., more and more books are published.It is impossible for us to read all the books.What's moreare poisonous to our mind, and we shouldn't read them.Since we can't read all the books and we shouldn't read bad books, we must read selectively.（承）

注：1.本段总分总结构

2.they argue that = they think that

3.with the development of...4.what's more 递进关系，moreover

But others may not agree, they emphasize that today's society is not what it was.If knows much in one field but knows must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively.（转）

注：1.But 转折词

2.they emphasize that = they think that

3.today's society is not what it was 现代社会今昔非比

4.许多知识 a wide range of/a large scope of/much；获取知识 acquire/get knowledge

5.knows nothing→little；he may be useless→he may not be of great use to the society 后者比前者更委婉

Who's right? I think both of them have something right.But I think we should read extensively first.And then will be selectively in one field.（合）

题型分类(Classification of every essay):

一、第一种题型（对比观点选择题；Essay I）:

(一)题型特点：

1、大多为三点提纲，提纲模式一般为：有一些人……；还有人……；我的看法或观点；

2、少数时候也会出现两点提纲的情况，此时可以补充成三点提纲来写作。

二、第二种题型（社会热点话题；Essay II）:

(一)题型特点：

1、应该为三点提纲，但是通常以两点提纲出现的题目居多，所涉及主题为当时社会

热点；

2、如果是两点提纲，则补充成三点提纲写作。

3、通常模式为：现象概述--细节（原因、危害、方式等）--自我评论

三、第三种题型（图标题；Report;Essay III）:

（一）题型特点：

1、以图表作为信息来源的写作模式

2、通常模式为：描述图表--解释原因--自我评论

（二）历年真题：

四、第四种题型（书信题； Essay IV）:

(一)题型特点：

1、写书信

（二）历年真题：

五、第五种题型（谚语格言题； Essay V）:

(一)题型特点：

1、文章题目为一句格言或谚语

2、通常模式为：解释谚语--举例论证--画龙点睛

(二)历年真题：

第四篇：新东方 考研 写作精讲

考研基础班网络课堂写作讲义 北京新东方学校 王江涛

第一节 考研写作总论

一、课程安排：

1、考研写作总论：评卷实例、复习计划、学习方法、大

纲解读

2、应用文：书信类、告示类

3、段落写作：真题透视、框架结构、启承转合

4、两图写作（00、03、06、07）

5、一图写作（98、01、02、04、05）

6、图表作文

二、评卷实例：2001年真题 Directions: Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is

probably the noblest, but everyone had his/her own

understanding of it.There has been a discussion recently on the issue

in a newspaper.Write an essay to the newspaper to 1)show your understanding of the symbolic meaning

of the picture below, 2)give a specific example, and 3)give your suggestion as to the best way to show

love.1、20分范文：

Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is

probably the noblest.It is of the utmost

importance to the human beings.Everybody not only

needs love, but also should give love.As is described in the picture, “love is a lamp which is brighter in darker places.” This is

indeed true.People in darker places need more

light than ordinary people.Maybe even a dim light

can give them much hope for a better life and

progress.Maybe even a dim light can give them

much hope for a better life and progress.Maybe

just a thread of light will call forth their

strength and courage to step out of their

difficulties.For instance when someone is starving to death，just a little food and water from you may save his

life.Or when a little girl in a poor rural area

drops out of school because of poverty, just a

small sum of money from you may support her to

finish her schooling and change her life, you have

given love which is like a lamp in a dark place

where light is most needed.So to sum up, we should offer our help to all who

are in need.We expect to get love from others and

we also give love to others so when you see

someone in difficulty or in distress and in need

of help, don’t hesitate to give your love to him.I believe then the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a

better place for us to live in.2、18分范文

It is generally believed that love is a hot topic

which is most talked about.This is true not only

in China but also in other countries.We live in

different countries, speak different languages，but love is something common to us all.But how to

show love may be different with different people

in different countries.This is something we

should give more thought to.As is shown in the picture, love is like a lamp

which shines brightest in dark places.This tells

us a simple truth: Love is like a lamp.It is most

valuable when it is most needed.For example, once

I saw a foreign lady get lost in the street.She

could not speak Chinese and nobody seemed to be

able to help her.Though my English is not very

good and I am a shy person, I thought she needed

help very much.I asked her what she wanted.She

told me she lost her way, so I showed her the way

to her hotel.It was a small thing but she thanked

me very much because my help was needed very much.My help was like a lamp in dark places.I think we all should be like a lamp in a dark

place, showing our love, giving our help to

others, even to strangers.In this way, we can

make this world a harmonious and peaceful world.三、复习计划：

1、考前复习：

1）攻克词汇：

2）精研真题：词汇、句子结构、选项设置、英译汉、背诵

3）适当模考：

2、写作练习：

3、时间分配：

1）14：00－14：15 写作A节

2）14：15－14：50 写作B节

3）14：50－16：00 阅读A节

4）16：00－16：20 完型填空

5）16：20－16：40 阅读B节

6）16：40－17：00 阅读C节

第二节 应用文

一、学习方法：

（一）提高实力：

1、十遍精读： 1）精彩词汇 2）精彩词组 3）精彩句型

4）句子结构：简单句（主干＋修饰成分）、从句、时态、冠词、主谓一致

5）段落结构：总分总，主题句＋论证（＋小结）6）关联词：小作文3－5个，大作文5－7个 7）同义替换：词汇＋句型 8）代词替换：it, that, they 9）精彩观点： 10）原因建议：

2、背诵：滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善

3、默写：发现写作弱点

4、中译英：提高写作实力

5、写作：模仿

（二）掌握技巧：万能框架

二、大纲解读：

（一）评价目标：

考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备

忘录、摘要、报告等，还应能写一般描述性、叙述性和说

明或议论性的文章。短文写作时，考生应能： 1）做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当； 2）遵循文章的特定文体格式；

3）合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯； 4）根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当使用语域。

（二）考试内容：

该部分由A、B两节组成，考查考生的书面表达能力。总分

30分。

A节：考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词（标点符号不计

算在内）的应用性短文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等。考生在答题卡2上作答。满分10分。B节：要求考生根据提示信息写出一篇160－200词的短文

（标点符号不计算在内）。提示信息的形式有主题句、写

作提纲、规定情景、图、表等。考生在答题卡2上作答。

满分20分。

（三）评分原则和方法：

1、虽然A、B两节的考查要点有所不同，但对考生写作能

力的基本要求是相同的，所以一般评分标准对两节都适用

。但根据两节的不同考查要点，评分是会有不同的侧重点

。A节

应用文的评分侧重点在于信息点的覆盖和内容的组织、语

言的准确性、格式和语域（指在书面和口语表达中根据不

同的交际对象，所采用的话语方式，即正式、一般、非正

式的话语）的恰当。对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根

据具体试题作调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现过的

关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分。B节

B节作文的评分重点在于内容的完整性、文章的连贯组织

性、语法结构和词汇的多样性及语言的准确性。

2、评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来给分。评分人员在档内有1－3分的

调节分。

3、A节作文的字数要求是100词左右。B节作文的字数要求

是160－200词。文章长度不符合要求的，酌情扣分。

4、拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时，视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法

均可接受。

5、如书写较差，以致影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。

三、书信格式：

（一）称呼

1、写给机构

1）不认识负责人：Dear Sir or Madam, Dear

Sir/Madam, To whom it may concern, 2）认识负责人：Dear Mr./Ms.President/Professor/Manager/Editor, Dear President(Michael)Wang，2、写给个人

1）关系不亲密：Dear Mr./Ms.President/Professor/Manager/Editor, Dear President(Michael)Wang, 2）关系亲密：Dear Michael，（二）正文：3段、7句、100－120词、3－5关联词、3－5 从句

1、第一段：2句 1）自我介绍

（1）I am a staff member from your

company/corporation.（2）I am a

freshman/sophomore/junior/senior/undergraduate/gra

duate from the Department of Chinese Language and

Literature of Beijing University.2）写作目的：I am writing the letter in

purpose of ordering some books/resigning from my

current post/position.2、第二段：3句

1）改写提纲一：1句

2）改写提纲二：1句

3）改写提纲三：1句

3、第三段

1）表示感谢（私人建议信除外）

（1）My appreciation to you for your generous

help is beyond words.（2）Words fail me when I want to express my

sincere gratitude to you.（3）I take this opportunity to show my

heartfelt appreciation for the kind assistance you

rendered me.2）期待回信

（1）I am looking forward to your reply/hearing

from you soon.（2）I look forward to a favorable reply at your

earliest convenience.（3）Your prompt attention to my inquiry would be

highly appreciated.（三）落款 Yours sincerely，Li Ming

四、书信类应用文：

1、大纲样题：订购信 Directions: You are preparing for an English test and are in

need of some reference books.Write a letter to

the sales department of a bookstore to ask for: 1)detailed information about the books you

want, 2)methods of payment, 3)time and way of delivery.Dear Sir or Madam, As I am planning to take the National Entrance

Test of English for MA/MS Candidates(NETEM), I

have decided to place an order of some NETEM books

with due consideration of the good reputation of

your bookstore and the high quality of your books.Firstly, please give me particular accounts as

regards names, authors, publishing houses and

prices of these books.Secondly, I also need to

know the terms of payment and after-sell service.Thirdly, I wonder if it is convenient for you to

deliver these books by EMS to the headquarters of

Beijing New Oriental School by September 1, 2007.I have arranged to pay for the service.I would like to express my gratitude for your kind

consideration of my requests.I look forward to

hearing from you soon.Yours sincerely, Li Ming

第三节 段落写作

一、书信类应用文 2、2005真题：辞职信＋道歉信

Directions: Two months ago, you got a job as an

editor for the magazine Fashion & Design.But now

you find that the work is not what you expected.You decide to quit.Write a letter to your boss

Mr.Wang, telling him your decision, stating your

reason(s), and making an apology.Dear Mr.Wang, I am writing to inform you about my decision to

resign from my current position.The primary reasons are as follows.First, after

two months, I do feel that it is not easy for me

to get used to the extra work and night shift.Second, the salary has proven to be much lower

than you originally promised, and I have a large

family to support.Last, what I have learned in

the university cannot meet the requirement of

being an editor.I feel terribly sorry for the inconvenience I have

caused.I sincerely hope that you approve of my

resignation.Yours sincerely, Li Ming 3、2006真题：请求信 Directions:

You want to contribute to Project Hope by

offering financial aid to a child in a remote

area, write a letter to the department concerned，asking them to help find a candidate.You should

specify what kind of child you want to help and

how you will carry out your plan.Write your

letter in no less than 100 words.Write it neatly

on ANSWER SHEET 2.Don't sign your own name at the end of the letter，use “Li Ming” instead.Don't write the address.(10 points)

To whom it may concern, As a student who can support myself, I am writing

to request if you can help me find a potential

beneficiary of Project Hope.I wonder whether it is convenient for you if two

things regarding the child are taken into account.First, the child should come from Sichuan Province

because I intend to help a child from my hometown.Second, it will be better if he or she is a

primary school student who was forced to drop

school because of abject poverty.I would like to help the recipient of my

assistance annually until he graduates from

college.Firstly, the money will cover his tuition

fee and other expenses at school.Besides, I will

correspond with him frequently so that he can seek

advice whenever he needs.Your prompt attention to

my inquiry would be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely, Li Ming

4、备忘录/报告：

Directions: You are the president of a company.Write a memo to Percy Shelley, the vice-president

on the employee’s training on computer, telling

him the need to train the employees, detailed

information, and ask him to write a plan.Date：January 20, 2007 To：Percy Shelley, Vice President From：Li Ming, President Subject：Computer Training of the Staff As we discussed earlier this week, I agree with

you that our firm is faced up with problem of the

high rate of computer illiteracy of the staff.We

need to make up a plan for training our employees

in the new field.I would like you to design our own in-house

computer-training program.We had better classify

the employees and put them through the program in

turn.Write up a brief proposal, describing what you

think the program should cover.Assume the class

runs four hours a week for ten weeks.Also, assume

people have no prior computer knowledge or any

formal course work in computer science.5、摘要：

1）不超过原文三分之一，可少不可多；

2）不要评论、不要照抄；

3）改写每段首尾句。

二、告示类应用文：

（一）写作格式：

1、标题

2、日期：标题右下方

3、正文：1－3段，3－6句，0－1从句，现在/将来

时

4、署名：个人或单位

（二）分类：通告/通知、启事、其他 经典范文：征稿启事

Directions:

Your journal is planning to publish an issue.Write a contributions wanted which covers the

following information:

1)the purpose of the issue，2)time and methods of delivery，3)other details.You should write about 100 words.Do not sign

your own name at the end of the notice.Contributions Wanted February 3, 2007 To celebrate the 14th anniversary of the Beijing

New Oriental Education and Technology Group, this

journal has decided to publish a special issue on

our great achievements in the teaching and

research activities in the past 14 years.Articles, photos, memoirs and other writings

related to this topic are invited.Faculty members

and students are welcome to send in their

contributions in whatever forms or styles to our

office before the 30th instant.They may also send

their writings and photos electronically to the

following address: xdfyy@staff.neworiental.org

The Editorial Office

New Oriental English Journal

三、真题透视：参见新东方考研写作教材P.12 1、1991： DIRECTIONS: A)Title: WHERE TO LIVE---IN THE CITY OR THE

COUNTRY? B)Time limit: 40 minutes C)Word limit: 120-150 words(not including the given opening sentence)D)Your composition should be based on the

OUTLINE below and should start with the given

opening sentence.E)Your composition must be written clearly

in the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE: 1.Conveniences of the city 2.Attractions of the country 3.Disadvantages of both 4.My preference 2、1992： DIRECTIONS: A)Title: FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN

PARENT AND CHILD B)Time limit: 40 minutes C)Word limit: 120-150 words(not including

the given opening sentence)D)Your composition should be based on the

OUTLINE below and should start with the given

opening sentence.E)Your composition must be written clearly

in the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE: 1.Present situation: Lack of communication

between parent and child 2.Possible reasons: 1)Different likes and dislikes 2)Misunderstanding 3)Others 3.Suggestions: 1)For parents 2)For children 3、1993：

DIRECTIONS:

A)Title: ADVERTISEMENT ON TV B)Time limit: 40 minutes C)Word limit: 120-150 words(not including

the given opening sentence)D)Your composition should be based on the

OUTLINE below and should start with the given

opening sentence: “Today more and more

advertisements are seen on the TV screen.” E)Your composition must be written clearly

in the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE: 1.Present state 2.Reasons 3.My comments 4、1994：

DIRECTIONS:

A)Title: ON MAKING FRIENDS B)Time limit: 40 minutes C)Word limit: 120-150 words(not including

the given opening sentence)D)Your composition should be based on the

OUTLINE below and should start with the given

opening sentence: “As a human being, one can

hardly do without a friend.”

E)Your composition must be written clearly

on the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE: 1.The need for friends 2.True friendship 3.My principle in making friends 5、1995：

DIRECTIONS:

A)Title: THE “PROJECT HOPE” B)Time limit: 40 minutes C)Word limit: 120-150 words(not including

the given opening sentence)D)Your composition should be based on the

OUTLINE below and should start with the given

opening sentence: “Education plays a very

important role in the modernization of our

country.”

E)Your composition must be written neatly on

the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE: 1.Present situation 2.Necessity of the project 3.My suggestion 6、1996：

DIRECTIONS:

A)Title: GOOD HEALTH B)Time limit: 40 minutes C)Word limit: 120-150 words(not including

the given opening sentence)D)Your composition should be based on the

OUTLINE below and should start with the given

opening sentence: “The desire for good health is

universal.”

E)Your composition must be written neatly on

the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE: 1.Importance of good health 2.Ways to keep fit 3.My own practices 7、1997：

2001年大纲样题 Directions:

Widespread tobacco consumption has led to grave

consequences, yet the tobacco companies still

claim that they make a valuable contribution to

the world economy.There is a discussion in a newspaper on the above

two viewpoints.Write an essay to the newspaper 1)Criticizing their view and 2)Justify your stand.In your essay, make full use of the information

provided in the pictures printed below.You should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET

II.8、1998： Directions: A.Study the following set of pictures

carefully and write an essay in no less than 150

words.B.Your essay must be written clearly on the

ANSWER SHEET II.C.Your essay should cover all the

information provided and meet the requirements below: 1．Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2．Give your comments.9、1999： DIRECTIONS: A.Study the following graphs carefully and

write an essay in at least150 words.B.Your essay must be written clearly on the

ANSWER SHEET II.C.Your essay should cover these three

points: 1.effect of the country’s growing human

population on its wildlife 2.possible reason for the effect 3.your suggestion for wildlife protection

10：2000： Directions: Study the following two pictures carefully and

write an essay to

1.Describe the pictures 2.Deduce the purpose of the drawer of the

pictures, and

3.Suggest counter-measures You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER

SHEET II 11、2001： Directions: Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is

probably the noblest, but everyone had his/her own

understanding of it.There has been a discussion recently on the issue

in a newspaper.Write an essay to the newspaper to 1)show your understanding of the symbolic meaning

of the picture below, 2)give a specific example, and 3)give your suggestion as to the best way to show

love.12、2002： Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an

essay entitled “Cultures---National and

International”

In the essay you should 1.describe the picture and interpret its

meaning, and 2.give your comments on the phenomenon.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER

SHEET II.An American girl in traditional Chinese costume 13、2003： Directions: Study the following pictures carefully and write

an essay about 200 words based on the following 1.describe the set of drawings and interpret

its meaning 2.point out its implications in our life.14、2004： Directions: Study the following drawing carefully and write an

essay in which you should 1.describe the drawing.2.interpret its meaning, and 3.support your view with examples.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER

SHEET 2.15、2005： Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the

following drawing.In your essay ,you should first

describe the drawing the interpret its meaning，and give your comment on it.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20

points)

16：2006：

Directions: Study the following photos carefully

and write an essay in which you should 1）describe the photos briefly;

2）interpret the social phenomenon reflected

by them，3）give your point of view.You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER

SHEET 2.(20 points)

图一：把崇拜写在脸上。

图二：花300元做个“小

贝”头。

注：Beckham（贝克汉姆）：英国足球明星。17、2007： Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the

following drawing.In your essay, you should 1)describe the drawing briefly, 2)explain its intended meaning, and then

3)support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20

points)

四、考研论说文框架结构：3段、12句、160－200词、5－

7关联词、5－7从句

第四节 两图写作

一、考研论说文框架结构：

（一）第一段：图画描述，3句

1、总体描述：人物/动物/事物＋动作/服装＋环境/

表情，1句

2、挖掘细节词、串连成句：1－2句

3、文字说明/象征寓意：1句

（二）第二段：意义阐释，5句

1、主题句：象征寓意，1句

2、论证：3句

1）基础一般的同学：（1）讲原因：（2）讲故事：

（3）联系现实：图画作文创作原则（以小见大，把握

象征寓意，个体想为群体，具体想为抽象）2）基础较好的同学：

（1）五大角度：背景、事实、反方观点、原因、后果（2）六种手段：因果、分类、定义解释、统计事实、举例、正反论证

3、小结：1句

（三）第三段：建议措施，4句

1、结论句：1句

2、针对双方提建议：2句

3、包装结尾、展望未来：1句

二、启承转合：

（一）启：启动观点、开篇点题

（二）承：观点承接、正面论证

1、First(ly), In the first place, First and

foremost, Above all, On the one hand, For one

thing，2、Second(ly), In the second place, Besides，In addition, What is more, Furthermore, Moreover，On the other hand, For another

3、Third(ly),(The)Last but not(the)least，More importantly, Even worse，（三）转：观点转折、反面论证

Conversely, Nevertheless, Unfortunately, Whereas，Yet, Instead, In/By comparison/contrast, On the

contrary

（四）合：文章结尾、合并归纳 As a result/consequence, Consequently，Accordingly, Thus, Hence, Generally/Briefly

speaking，三、两图写作

（一）2003范文：

The set of drawings above vividly depicts the

destiny of a flower in different circumstances.As

is shown in the first cartoon, the flower is

placed in a comfortable greenhouse which shelters

it from the threatening lightening and storm.With

proper temperature, moisture and fertilizer, the

flower is growing in full bloom.On the contrary，when removed from the greenhouse and exposed to

the driving rain, the flower soon fades and withers, with the petals cast about on the

grounds.To begin with, the purpose of the drawings is to

show us that the flower growing in the green house

cannot withstand the test of the storm, yet the

symbolic meanings subtly conveyed should be taken

more seriously.The delicate flower is naturally

associated with young people, to be specific, the

only children in our current society;the

greenhouse epitomizes parents’ doting care and

abundant material supplies that can shield the

children from the storms, or the harsh reality.Once the young people begin to seek independence

and accept challenges from the real world, they

are found too spoiled to be strong enough in the

face of difficulties.Accordingly, it is vital for us to derive positive

implications from these thought-provoking

drawings.On the one hand, we can frequently use

them to enlighten the youth to be more independent

in life.On the other hand, parents should be

sensible enough to give their children more

freedom to deal with troubles and problems.Only by undergoing more challenges and toils in

adversity can young people cultivate strong

personality and ability, and only in this way can

they become winners in this competitive world.（二）2006高分作文： 1、18分作文样例一

The photos vividly depict that nowadays many

people, especially, young fellows are tracing such

fashion.The first one signed the name of Beckham

on his left face, while the second one asked the

hairdresser to copy the hair style of Beckham with

about 300 yuan.Both of them are typical fans of

the well-known British football player－Beckham.This kind of social phenomenon is not entirely a

coincidence.There are reasons accounting for this

fashion.Firstly, with the rapid development of

society, some people feel dull and desperate about

the reality, so they desire to find some famous

people as their idols.In the way, they feel

satisfied with their life and have a goal to

achieve.Secondly, just opposite to the above，others are just fashion tracers.They barely want

to show that they are keeping step with the

fashion.Thirdly, some people even don’t have any special purpose but to do it as others.In their

deep heart, they don’t treat it as fashion but as

fun.Frankly speaking, this social phenomenon is very

dangerous to the whole society.Some young men

spend most of their time decorating themselves as

their idols.As a result, they don’t have enough

time to study or work, then they are always left

behind.Moreover, it is harmful to the

establishment of a harmonious society.To draw a conclusion, we don’t deny that people

should have their idols to admire, but in a

sensible way.They can learn from what they have

achieved and try to behave that way.And also

parents should give proper advice to their

children to form a proper outlook of the world.第五节 一图写作

一、两图写作：

（二）2006高分作文： 2、18分作文样例二

More and more young people are increasingly

influenced by foreign culture.As can be clearly

seen from the above picture, a young gentleman

puts “Beckham” on his face.Another decently

dressed young gentleman is willing to pay 300 yuan

to have his hair made in his favorite style.It is

clear that the picture implies a common phenomenon

in our society today: more and more people，especially the young, are endlessly chasing

popular things, disregarding the cost that they

must pay.There are at least three good reasons for this

phenomenon.In the first place, the spreading of

foreign culture in our country in recent years may

be the main reason.Secondly, many young people in

our modern society have an open mind.Consequently, they are willing to accept new

things.Last but not least, a lot of people have

become richer and richer.As a result, they can

pay for the expense to do that kind of things.There may be other reasons, but it is generally

believed that the above mentioned reasons are

commonly acceptable.As far as I am concerned, the spreading of foreign

culture in our society is not a bad thing.But as

a popular saying goes, every thing has two sides.This phenomenon is without exception.My

suggestion as to the best way to cope with the

problem is as follows.On the one han