第一篇：2015年12月英语六级单句翻译

英语六级单句翻译黄金三准则

汉语常被称为时间型的动态结构，主要体现为形式自由、富于弹性。而英语则以 “主-谓”的主干结构为中心来统领各语言成分，句界分明，外形严谨。因此在汉译英时，译文在逻辑和形式上都应当体现出英语的特点。如果是单句，首先应当确 立句子的主干及句型，如果是复杂的句子或长句，则要确立中心，根据上下文进行句子组合，可以译为并列句、主从复合句(名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句 等)、并列复合句或使用独立结构等。

(一)确立翻译句式主干

在汉译英时，不管汉 语句子如何复杂，首先要考虑英语的基本组句框架。这些最基本的框架可以变换，可以组合，但不能突破。组织英语句子时，始终不能脱离“主-谓”主干这一总的 框架，然后再进行相应的时态变化、语

态变化、语气变化、句式转换(肯定式、否定式、疑问式、强调句式及倒装句式等)，增加定语、状语修饰成分、插入语 等。

(二)语序调整

1.定语的位置

汉语的定语常放在中心语前;而英语的定语位置分为两种：前置和后置。单词充当定语时通常放在被修饰的中心语之前;而短语和从句作定语则多放在所修饰的中心语之后。

2.状语的位置

汉语常把状语放在被修饰的成分前面，但英语中状语的位置则分为几种情况：单词做状语修饰形容词或其他状语时，常前置;表示程度的状语修饰其他状语时，可前置或后置;单词作状语修饰动词时，多放在动词之后;短语或从句作状语时，可放在被修饰部分之前或之后。

3.汉英叙事重心不同

汉语先叙事，然后表态或评论，以此来突出话题，这种句子被称为主题句。而英语则先表态或进行评论，而后再叙事，以突出主语。

4.强弱词语的顺序不同

表示感情色彩的轻重、强弱时，汉语将重的内容、强的词语放在前面;英语将语义轻的内容、弱的词语放在前面，基本原则是前轻后重，前简后繁。

(三)段落的衔接

段落的衔接是指段落中各部分在语法和词汇方面有关联，即段落的各个部分的排列和衔接要符合逻辑。汉语和英语在衔接手法上迥异。在汉译英时，要注意通过词的增补、替代等技巧把汉语的衔接习惯转化为英语的衔接习惯。

2015英语六级翻译必背：中国文化词汇(上)汉语

汉字 Chinese character

单音节 single syllable

汉语四声调 the four tones of Chinese characters

阳平level tone

阴平rising tone

上声 falling-rising tone

去声 falling tone

五言绝句 five-character quatrain

七言律诗 seven-character octave

八股文 eight-part essay;stereotyped writing

四书五经

1、四书 the Four Books

《大学》 The Great Learning

《中庸》 The Doctrine of the Mean

《论语》 The Analects of Confucius

《孟子》 The Mencius/The Works of Mencius

2、五经 The Five Classics

《春秋》 the Spring and Autumn Annals

《诗经》 The Books of Songs;The Book of Odes

《易经》 I Ching;The Book of Changes

《礼记》 The Book of Rites

《尚书》 The Books of History

四大名著

《三国演义》 Three Kingdoms

《西游记》 Journey to the West;Pilgrimage to the West

《水浒传》 Heroes of the Marshes;Tales of the Water Margin

《红楼梦》 Dream of the Red Mansions

经典作品

《史记》 Historical Records

《资治通鉴》 History as a Mirror;Comprehensive History Retold as a Mirror for Rulers

《山海经》 The Classic of Mountains and Rivers

《孝经》 Book of Filial Piety

《孙子兵法》 The Art of War

《三字经》 The Three-Character Scripture;The Three-Word Chant

《西厢记》 The Romance of West Chamber

《聊斋志异》 Strange Tales of a Lonely Studio;Strange Tales from Make-Do Studio

近现代佳作

《围城》 Fortress Besieged

《阿Q正传》 The True Story of Ah Q

《吾国吾民》 My Country and My People

《京华烟云》 Moment in Peking

《骆驼祥子》 Rickshaw/James

《茶馆》 Teahouse

《边城》 The Border Town

《倾城之恋》 Love in a Fallen City

《十八春》 Eighteen Springs

文化遗产

重要文化遗产 major cultural heritage

优秀民间艺术 outstanding folk arts

文物 cultural relics

中国画 traditional Chinese painting

书法 calligraphy

水墨画 Chinese brush painting;ink and wash painting

工笔 traditional Chinese realistic painting

中国结 Chinese knot

旗袍 Cheongsam

中山装 Chinese tunic suit

唐装 traditional Chinese garments(clothing)，Tang suit 艺术词汇

文人 men of letters

雅士 refined scholars

表演艺术 performing art

现代流行艺术 popular art, pop art

纯艺术 high art

高雅艺术 refined art

电影艺术 cinematographic art

戏剧艺术 theatrical art

才子佳人 gifted scholars and beautiful ladies 2015英语六级翻译必背：中国文化词汇(下)国粹术语

生(男性正面角色)male(the positive male role)

旦(女性正面角色)female(the positive female role)

净(性格鲜明的男性配角)a supporting male role with striking character

丑(幽默滑稽或反面角色)a clown or a negative role

花脸 painted role

歌舞喜剧 musical

滑稽场面, 搞笑小噱头 shtick

滑稽短剧 skit

京剧人物脸谱 Peking Opera Mask 戏剧文化

皮影戏 shadow play;leather-silhouette show

说书 story-telling

叠罗汉 make a human pyramid

折子戏 opera highlights

踩高跷 stilt walk

哑剧 pantomime;mime

哑剧演员 pantomimist

戏剧小品 skit

马戏 circus show

单口相声 monologue comic talk, standup comedy

特技表演 stunt

相声 witty dialogue comedy, comic cross talk

杂技 acrobatics

京韵大鼓 the traditional story-telling in Beijing dialect with drum accompaniment

秦腔 Shaanxi opera 中国瑰宝

习武健身 practice martial art for fitness

气功 qigong, deep breathing exercises

篆刻 seal cutting upriteous

工艺, 手艺 workmanship / craftsmanship

卷轴 scroll

蜡染 batik

泥人 clay figure

漆画 lacquer painting

唐三彩 Trio-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty

景泰蓝 cloisonné

文房四宝 The four stationery treasures of the Chinese study---a writing brush, an ink stick, an ink stone and paper

天干地支

阳历 solar calendar

公历 Gregorian calendar

阴历 lunar calendar

天干 heavenly stem

地支 earthly branch

闰年 leap year

二十四节气 the twenty-four solar terms

民间传说 folklores

寓言 fable

传说 legend

神话 mythology

古为今用,洋为中用 make the past serve the present and the foreign serve china

对对联 matching an antithetical couplet

传统节日

十二生肖 the twele Chinese zodiac signs

本命年 one's year of birth considered in relation to the 12 Terrestrial Branches

春节 theSpring Festival

元宵节 the Lantern Festival(15th day of the first lunar month)

清明节 the Pure Brightness Festival / the Tomb-sweeping Day(April the 5th)

端午节 the Dragon Boat Festival(5th of the fifth lunar month)

中秋节 the Moon Festival / the Mid-Autumn Day(15th of the eight lunar month)

重阳节 the Double Ninth Day / the Aged Day 2015年12月英语六级翻译必备知识盘点 词性转换

词性转换不仅是重要的译词手段，也是常用的句法转换变通手段，是一种常用的翻译技巧。说白了，就是在必要的时候，将原文中的某个词的词性在译文里用其他词性表达出来。这种转换会使译文更加灵活变通，不必拘泥于原文形式，却能更准确传达出原文内涵。本部分内容主要从汉译英入手。从四个方面加以说明。

1汉语动词的转换

汉语动词的使用频率远远高于英语。这是因为按照英语句法，受主谓关系的限制，一个 简单句或分句大多只有一个谓语动词。而且，英语还可以通过谓语动词以外各种词性的词来体现动词意义。因此将汉语句子里的动词转换为英语里其他词性的词是翻译中的常用技巧之一。

例1 这本书反映了30年代的中国社会。

译文:The book is a reflection of Chinese society in the 1930s.(将汉语动词转换为英语名词)

例2 他们不满足于现有的成就。

译文:They were not content with their present achievements.(将汉语动词转换为英语形容词)

例3 我想男孩与女孩的思维方式不同。

译文:I suppose boys think differently from girls.(将汉语动词转换为英语副词)

例4 你赞成还是反对这项计划?

译文:Are you for or against the plan?(将汉语动词转化为英语介词)2.汉语名词的转换

英语中有很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的副词，形容词等。在汉译英时，汉 语中的名词常常可以产生一些转换，从而更简洁有力地表达原文。

例5 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。

译文:They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.(汉语名词转换为英语副词)

例6 钢的含炭量越高，强度和硬度就越大。

译文:The more carbon the steel contains, the harder and stronger it is.(汉语名词转换为英语形容词表示特征和性质)

例7 这就是你不对的地方。

译文:This is where you are wrong.(汉语名词转换为英语副词)

例8 我的体重比过去轻了。

译文:I weigh less than I used to.(汉语名词转换为英语动词)3.汉语形容词的转换 在汉译英时，汉语的形容词往往可以译成英语中的名词或副词。这些名词或副词通常具 有抽象意义，而且往往由某些形容词派生而来。

例9 我们感到，解决这个复杂的问题是困难的。

译文:We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.(汉语形容词转换为英语名词)

例10 有时候我们不得不为错误付出昂贵的代价。

译文:Sometimes we have to pay dearly for mistakes.(汉语形容词转换为英语副词)4.汉语副词的转换

有时出于修辞和句法结构的需要，往往把汉语中的副词用英语其他词性的词来表达，这也是翻译中的一个常用技巧。

例11 独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。

译文:Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.(汉语副词转换为英语名词)语序

1)定语位置的调整

汉语的定语，无论是单用还是几个连用，通常都放在所修饰的名词之前。而在英语里，单词作定语时，一般放在所修饰的中心词之前，词组，短语和从句作定语时，则放在所修饰的名词之后。汉语的定语译成英语时，有的可能是单词，有 的可能是短语，有的可能是从句。对这些成分的安排，要依据英语的语言习惯来处理。反之亦然。

例1 实现我国社会主义现代化是一项我们必须努力完成的任务。

译文: The socialist modernization of our country is a task that we must do our utmost to fulfill.汉语中作“现代化”定语的“社会主义”在英语中只需要一个单词 socialist 就可以表明，按照英语的习惯，放在所修饰的中心modernization 之前。但是原文中“我国”翻成英语就不是简简单单的一个词了，而是一个介词短语of our country，置于中心词“现代化”之后，成为后置定语。英译时，“任务”的定语“努力完成的”是一个从句that we must do our utmost to fulfil，按照英语习惯，应放在所修饰的中心词task之后。

例2 She was very happy to meet the artist who painted the picture.译文: 她很高兴能够遇到那幅画的艺术家。全句的宾语是“艺术家”，英语里修饰the artist 的成分在the artist之后，这是英语表达习惯所规定的。但是转换成汉语时，就必须把定语修饰成分提前到中心词“艺术家”之前。2)状语位置的调整

汉语中状语习惯于放在主语之后，谓语之前。但有时为了强调也可以放在主语之前。英语中状语的位置要灵活得多。就单词状语而言，它可以位于句首，句中，句末。较长的状语常被置于句首或句末，句中的情况极少。因此，在汉英，英汉互译时，状语位置的变换调整极为复杂。

例3 上星期五我们在那家新餐馆尽情地吃了一顿。

译文：We ate to our hearts content at the new restaurant last Friday.原文中，“上星期五”放在句首，并且在“那家新餐馆”之前，而译文中却将时间状语和地点状语的位置颠倒了过来。这样一来，既准确地表达了原文意思，又符 合了英文语序习惯。所以我们可以得出结论：英语里如果句子既有地点状语又有时间状语，一般地点状语在前，时间状语在后。汉语里则往往把它们置于句首或谓语 前，而且通常时间状语在地点状语之前。

分合句法

1)分句法

把原文中一个单词或短语译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。或干脆把原文的一个句子拆开，译成两个或两个以上的句子。

例1 八月中旬，修理组人员在骄阳下工作。

译文: It was in mid-August,and the repair section operated under the blazing sun.(一个单句拆分成了一个并列复合句)

例2 他为人单纯而坦率。

译文: He was very clean.His mind was open.(一个单句拆分成两个简单句了)

例3 The mother might have spoken with understandable pride of her child.译文: 母亲谈到她的孩子时，也许有自豪感，这是可以理解的。(形容词被拆开)

例4 I wrote four books in the first three years ,a record never touched before.译文: 我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。(名词短语拆开)

2)合句法

把原文中两个或以上的简单句，主从复合句或并列复合句等译成一个单句。

例5 她已试了好几次，要帮他们另找一所出租的房子，结果并未成功。

译文:She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success.(多个简单句合成一个单句)

例6 他们有遵守交通规则，机器出了故障。

译文：His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.(并列复合句合成一个单句)

例7 When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.译文：我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。(主从复合句合成一个单句)综合法

有些句子单独使用一种翻译方法是很难翻译好的，需要用几种方法进行综合处理，然后再按照时间顺序，主从结构或逻辑关系等重新排列，即进行句子重组。我们先来看一句汉译英：

例1 除了服务于说本族语者的需要外，英语也是科学、技术和其他领域一些重要著作编撰时所使用的语言，这些著作并非总是由以英语为母语的人所编撰的。

这句话虽然很长，但其实只说明了一个问题--英语是一个什么样的语言?由句子可知，英语有以下功能：服务于以母语的人;在科学等领域编撰著作时使用。英 语还具有一个特征：用于科学等领域的书籍编撰时，并非总是由以英语为母语的人来担纲。而在英语的两个功能中，本句尤其突出他的第二个功能，所以在翻译本句 时要注意重点和句子结构的重组，有些部分可以处理成修饰语成分。

译文：English is a language in which some of important works in science,technology and other fields are being produced, not always by native speakers,besides serving the needs of its native speakers.我们再来看一个由英文转换到中文的例子：

例2 The technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human.译文：对人们来说，知识的技能及其应用是同样必不可少的，并且也是至关重要的，因为它们也有助于对人类本身下定义，同时允许人类追求日益真实的人的生活。

虚拟语气

虚拟语气：与事实相反的一、if从句：

即 主句„„, if 从句„„

1、倒装代替if从句：HadWereShould „„，主句„„

2、but for = without(如果不是)代替if从句，两个都是介词 But for without + 名词，主句„„

3、with + 名词，主句 „„

4、if only +(if 从句)要是„„该多好

二、宾语从句：

1、I suggest(表示命令;建议;请求)that „„ shoule +do„„

(在虚拟语气中，shoule have done = ought to have done,其他时候should 不等于ought to)

2、I wish that „„(用虚拟语气)

三、主语从句：

1、it is +adjn that + 虚拟

2、it is +done(表示建议、要求)that + 虚拟

四、目的状语：

Lest或者for fear that +(虚拟语气)should do

五、隐藏虚拟语气：

本打算做但结果没有做的

1、had hopedintendedplannedexpectedwantedmeant to do

2、hoped to have done

3、be(waswere)+ to have done

4、wouldshould like to have done Would have done 表意愿、将来

Should have done 竟然做了、本应该做的 Could have done 有能力做 Might have done 表示猜测

Need have done 本来需要做的却没有做

六、主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气

有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如：

1.从句表示过去，主句表示将来：

⑴、If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.⑵、If we hadn' t made adequate preparations, we shouldn' t dare to do the experiment next week。

2.从句表示将来，主句表示过去： ⑴、If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.3.从句表示将来，主句表示现在：

⑴、If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.4.从句表示过去，主句表示现在。

⑴、If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.⑵、If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.6.从句表示现在，主句表示过去

⑴、If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了。(从句说明现在，主句说明过去。)

7.从句表示过去，主句表示过去和现在 ⑴、If you hadn't lent me some money, I couldn't have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。

(1)You wouldn't know.你不会知道。

(2)I would like to come.我愿意来。

(3)I wouldn't have dreamed of it.这是我做梦也不会想到的。

(4)He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness.他将那事讲的非常仔细，简直就象他亲眼看见一样。

条件从句中省略 if 采用倒装语序的情况

在 if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或 have的虚拟条件句中的连词 if 省去，而将 had , should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。

1).原句： If she were younger, she would do it.去 If： Were she younger, she would do it.(把动词 were移到主语 she的前面)

2).原句： If he had tried it, he could have done it.去 If： Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把 had移到主语 he的前面)

3).Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.4).Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.5).Were I in your place, I wouldn't do that.6).Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night.假如我看了那部电影，昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。

7).Were I a bird, I could fly freely.假如我是一只小鸟，我就能自由翱翔。

8).Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest.要是下周能下雨的话，农民们就能有个好收成了。

如果虚拟条件句中有 were, had或 should时，把它们放在 if的位置上;但是如果条件句中没有 were, had或 should不能用倒装。

⑴ Should it rain tomorrow, what should we do? 要是明天下雨的话，我们怎么办呢 ? ⑵ Were I you, I would have asked him for some advice.要是我是你的话，我就向他请教了。

⑶ Were he to do this work by himself, he would get a lot of money.如果他自己能够做此工作，他就会得到一些钱。

在 “开放式条件句 ”和让步状语从句中 should是被省略了的。在这种情况下，如果 if省略，动词 be与主语的位置要倒装。

⑴ If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.(任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。)

Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.⑵ Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.(不管她是对还是错，我都会支持她的。)

Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.⑶ ____ ,I will take her as my wife.[A]Were she rich or poor [B]Being rich or poor [C]Be she poor or rich

[D]Whether is she poor or rich 注意：有时虚拟条件句并没来 if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语(otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式来表示。

⑴、We didn't know his telephone number;otherwise we would have telephoned him.⑵、Without you help, I wouldn't have achieved so much.⑶、But for your help, I would not have succeeded.有时虚拟条件句的从句或主句都可以省略其中一个：

1.I could help you.(只有主句)

2.If I had time.(只有从句)

3.She should have come to the meeting.(只有主句)

4.If he had much more money.(只有从句)中国经济

中国经济

总需求 aggregate demand

总供给

aggregate supply

企业文化

corporate/entrepreneurial culture

企业形象

corporate image(Cl);enterprise image

跨国公司

cross-national corporation

创业精神

enterprising spirit;pioneering spirit

外资企业

foreign-funded enterprise

猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济 holiday

economy

人力资本human

capital

航空和航天工业aerospace

industry

飞机制造工业aircraft

industry

电子工业

electronic industry

汽车制造工业 car

industry

娱乐业

entertainment industry

信息产业

information industry 知识密集型产业

knowledge-intensive industry

国有大中型企业

large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises

轻工业 light

industry

博彩业 lottery

industry

制造业

manufacturing industry

垄断行业

monopoly industries

市场多元化 market

persification

市场经济 market

economy 市场监管 market

supervision

购买力

purchasing power

熊市 bear

market

牛市 bull

market

城镇化

urbanization

房地产 real

estate

首付

down-payment

业主 home

owner 个人购房贷款

inpidual housing loan

经济全球化

economic globalization

经济特区 special

economic zones(SEZ)

经济增长

economic growth

泡沫经济 bubble

economy 关税tariff

纳税人tax payer

宏观经济macro

economy

货币投放量 the

size of money supply

流动性过剩excess liquidity

经济过热

overheated economy

通货膨胀inflation

抑制通货膨胀curb

inflation

注入流动性 to

inject liquidity

贴现率 discount

rate

存款准备金率

reserve requirement ratio(RRR)

公开市场业务 open

market operation(OMO)

逆回购 reverse

repurchase agreement;reverse repo 引导降低市场借贷成本to

guide the market borrowing costs to a lower level

稳健的货币政策prudent

monetary policy

微调货币政策 to

fine-tune monetary policy

硬着陆 hard

landing

软着陆 soft

landing

二十国集团 Group

of Twenty(G2O)

财政部长 Finance

Minister

全年预期经济增长目标the

expected growth target for the whole year 经济活力

economic vitality

大规模经济刺激计划 a

massive economic stimulus package

结构改革

structural reform

硬资产 hard

assets

软资产 soft

assets

有形资产

tangible assets

经济走廊 economic

corridor

整顿市场秩序 to

rectify the market order 反垄断

antitrust;anti-monopoly

定价浮动 price

fluctuations

谋求利益最大化 to

maximize profit

债务审计audit of

debt

地方性政府债务

local government debt/liability

公共财政体制改革 an

overhaul of the public finance system

债务管理 debt

management

信用支持 credit

support 2015年12月六级考试翻译必备5个技巧

词义选择

所谓词义选择，是指词本来就有这个意思，但是要求我们将其在特定场合的正确意思选出 来。正确选词是保证译文质量的重要环节，如果能做到在词语意义和字面形式上都对等当然最好，如果不能兼顾，则取意义，舍形式。越是普通的词，越是拥有繁多 的释义和搭配，翻译过程中的词义也就越难以确定。选词时，要注意词义的广狭、所处的语境、词的褒贬和感情色彩。

例如：

剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。

Paper cutting are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere。

“增加”此处实际是“加强”的意思，而非我们平常所指的“数量增多”的含义，因此不宜翻成increase，翻译为 enhance更恰当。

词类转换

词类转换是汉译英常用的一种手段。汉语具有动态性和具体性的特点，在语言运用上多用动词。英语则具有动态性和抽象性的特点，在语言使用上呈现出名词化和介词化倾向，在汉译英过程中，适当转换词性，可以使译文更符合英语的表达习惯。

1.动词→名词

汉语中动词使用比较频繁，而且汉语动词没有时态变化的约束，也没有谓语动词和非谓语动词的形式之分，动词甚至可以充当句子的任何成分。然而，英语动词的 使用则受到形态变化规则的严格限制。一个句子往往只有一个谓语动词，大量原本应该由动词表达的概念，常常需要借助于名词，因为名词比较不受形态变化的束 缚。使用起来相当灵活、方便。

例如： 吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。

You will be full of praise while eating the first two main courses。

英语中有大量抽象名词表示行为或动作意义。如：advice, agreement, inheritance, knowledge, praise, use等。汉译英时，借助抽象名词表达特定的行文动作，译文也会显得更为地道。

2.动词-→介词

介词与名词密切相关，英语名词的广泛使用使得介词频繁出现。而且英语中有些介词本身是由动词演变而来的，具有动词的特征。因此，汉译英时，有些动词可以用介词短语来表达。

例如：人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。

People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings。

3.动词-→形容词

汉语的一些动词也常常可以用英语的形容词来表达，这些形容词通常是与动词同源的词(如dreamful, doubtful, sympathetic等)，这样的译文有时比直接使用动词显得更地道，更标准。

例如：在明朝和清朝时期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特别流行。

It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing dynasties。

4.形容词或副词-→名词

由于语法结构和修辞的需要，汉语的形容词和副词也可以译为英语的名词。

例如： „„只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。

„„leaving these living things to enjoy this moment of dust with full ease and freedom。

5.名词-→动词

有些情况下，汉语的名词可以用英语的动词来表达，此时汉语中修饰名词的形容词也随之改为英语中作状语使用的副词。

例如：大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。

People, poor or rich, are equally favored by nature。

词的增补

1.语法需要

由于汉英两种语言的差异，汉译英时往往需要补充汉语原文为了语言简洁而省去的词语或没有的词类，以使译文符合英语语法的要求。增补的词多为冠词(英语多特有)、代词或名词(充当句子的主语、宾语、定语等成分)、连词或介词等。

例如：农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小很多。

People in the agriculture society enjoyed far less than people in the industry society, thus their desires are far less either。

英语中用得很多的介词有at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to和with九个。这些介词是连接英语句子的重要纽带，在英语中起着极其重要的作用。汉译英时，要根据上下文搭配灵活地选择介词。

2.意思表达需要

例如：这是黄河滩上的一幕。

This is a scene taking place on the shore of the Yellow River。

在翻译“这是黄河滩上的一幕”时，增译taking place短语，使译文表达更为生动贴切。

3.文化背景解释的需要

中西文化差异的存在使得英语和汉语包含着许多文化色彩浓厚且不易被译文读者所理解的词语。因此在翻译过程中需要使用增词译法，把相关文化背景知识翻译出来。

例如：三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。

The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang, the master mind。

词的减省

所谓词的减省，就是翻译时，把原文中一些仅仅为了语法上的需要而存在的词、词组加以适当省略，从而达到译文通顺、意思完整及句子精炼的目的。汉语中重复的部分可以是主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语等，在译成英语时需适当删减，以保持句子的通顺。

例如：于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。

Then happiness turns to anger, praise to scolding and nit-picking, and head-nodding to head-shaking.(删减重复的谓语动词)词的替代

重复时汉语常使用的一种语篇衔接手段，虽然英语中也用重复，但多是利用词语的重复来体现语义强调或进行语言润色。汉语以重复见长，英语则以省略见长。故而在汉译英时，可采用替代的方法来避免重复。在英语中主要有三种替代现象：名词成分替代、谓语成分替代和分句替代。

第二篇：英语六级翻译

From Nov.3 to 12, Beijing will restrict the use of private vehicles based on even-and odd-numbered license plates, and 70 percent of cars belonging to local governments, public institutions, social groups and state-owned enterprises will not be allowed to be used during the period.11月3日至11月12日，北京市将按照机动车车牌单双号对私家车实行限制措施，同时，政府机构、事业单位、社会组织以及国有企业70%的车辆都不允许在此期间上路行驶。

”拼车“ 用英语怎么说

Carpooling has become a popular choice for Beijing's white-collar workers as the limit on the number of cars on roads during the APEC meeting took effect on Monday.北京在APEC期间的车辆限行措施周一开始实施，拼车成为北京白领们的热门选择。”

取消死刑“和”刑法“用英语怎么说

The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is considering reducing by nine the number of crimes subject to the death penalty through revising the Criminal Law.全国人大常委会拟通过《刑法》修正案减少九个适用死刑的罪名。”邪教“用英语怎么说

Liu Jinguo, vice-minister of public security, has been appointed deputy head of the 610 Office, the central government agency responsible for combating cults and handling cult-related issues.公安部副部长刘金国被任命为中央防范和处理邪教问题领导小组610办副组长。

“出柜”用英语怎么说？

苹果CEO提姆·库克周四宣布出柜，并表示他在用自己小心守护的隐私换取民权进步的机会，他也由此成为出柜的美国公司首脑中最有影响力的一位

Apple Inc CEO Tim Cook on Thursday became the most prominent American corporate leader to come out as gay, saying he was trading his closely guarded privacy for the chance to help move civil rights forward.“低碳出行”英语怎么说？

Shanghai marked World Car-Free Day on September 22nd with a series of publicity campaigns to promote low-carbon transportation, but didn't prevent cars from entering certain downtown areas as it had in the past.It was the seventh year Shanghai participated in World Car-Free Day along with 150 other cities around the country.Officials used the theme “Greener Traffic, Cleaner Air” to encourage car owners to take public transportation more often and help ease road congestion and contribute to better air quality.9月22日是“世界无车日”，沪上并未像过去一样在市区某些区域设置“车辆禁行区”，而是通过一系列丰富多彩的宣传活动，倡导市民低碳出行。

这是上海第七年参与“世界无车日”的活动，一同参与的还有全国其他150个城市。此次活动的官方主题为“绿色交通?清新空气”，旨在鼓励有车一族多乘坐公共交通出行，从而缓解交通拥堵，提升空气质量。

“广场舞”用英语怎么说？

A recent survey found that Shanghai residents have more tolerance for public square dancing, or guangchangwu, which has become a national controversy in recent years.最近的一项调查发现，上海居民对广场舞的容忍度有所提高。近年来广场舞一直是饱受民众争议的一个话题。

“穷游”英语怎么说？

Traveling is a priority for many people during the National Day holiday, and college students are no exception.But with landmarks swamped with tourists, and transportation and accommodation costs even higher during Golden Week, how to travel on a budget is a tricky question.对于许多人而言，在过去的国庆假期里，旅行可是头等大事。大学生们自然也不例外，但是，鉴于黄金周各大景点人山人海，交通、住宿费用水涨船高，如何“穷游”成为了一个棘手的问题。

”依法治国“英语怎么说？

中国共产党第十八届中央委员会第四次全体会议10月20日起至23日在北京召开，将首次以全会的形式专题研究部署全面推进依法治国。以往的四中全会多聚焦于党风建设，本次会议以依法治国为主题，反映出中国改革已进入攻坚期，将通过完善法治实现改革目标。

The Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committeewill deliberate on a draft decision of the CPC Central Committee on “major issues concerning comprehensively advancing rule of law”.”封杀劣迹艺人“用英语怎么说？

Watchdog bans broadcasts of works by tainted stars 广电总局下令封杀“劣迹艺人”

The country's top press and media watchdog has ordered TV stations and other outlets to stop broadcasting material featuring stars who use drugs or visit prostitutes.广电总局日前下令，各大卫视和其他媒体机构停止播出“有吸毒、嫖娼等违法犯罪行为者”参与制作的节目。

全面禁烟（可能性大）China is mulling

a

ban

on

all

forms

of

tobacco advertising,sponsorship and promotion of tobacco products, according to adraft regulation on Monday.据周一发布的一份条例草案规定，中国拟全面禁止任何形式的烟草广告、赞助活动以及烟草产品促销。

此次公开征求意见的控烟条例明确，所有室内公共场所一律禁止吸烟（smokingis banned in all kinds of indoor public places）；体育、健身场馆的室外观众座席、赛场区域（outdoor seating areas and venues of stadiums and fitness centers）、公共交通工具的室外等候区域（outdoor waiting areas of public transportation）等也全面禁止吸烟。

送审稿还规定，新闻出版广电总局负责对电影、电视剧及其他节目中的吸烟镜头（smokingscenes in films and TV shows）进行监督管理，违者最高罚款3万元。

这样的禁烟令堪称carpet（地毯式，全面）smoking ban。驾照自学自考

Under the reform, if someone wants toobtain a driver's license, they can learn the necessary skills on their own andregister online for an examination, said Huang Ming, vice-minister of publicsecurity.公安部副部长黄明表示，按照改革，人们可以自行学习驾车技能然后上网登记报考驾照。

此次reform on the issuing of driver's licenses（驾照改革）的目的是curb corruption in vehicle management departments（杜绝车管部门的腐败）。改革有望实现众人期盼已久的“驾照自学自考”。根据现行规定，想考取驾照的人必须上至少64小时的driving classes held by training schools（驾校课程），包括两门driving theory（驾照理论）课和两门driving practice（驾照实践）课。驾校学费从5000元到1万元不等，而且逐年上升。考生不能register for tests themselves（自行报考），而是由trainingagency registers on behalf of applicants（培训机构代为报考）。

APEC的亚太一体化

“The development prospect of ourregion hinges on the decisions and actions we take today,” he said.“We are duty-bound to create and fulfill an Asia-Pacific dream for ourpeople.”习近平指出，亚太发展前景取决于今天的决断和行动。我们有责任为本地区人民创造和实现亚太梦想。文中的Asia-Pacific dream就是指“亚太梦”。习近平指出，今天的亚太，在世界格局中的地位不断上升。也面临方方面面的挑战。亚太的未来，正处在关键的路口。

习近平在演讲中还指出，中国经济呈现出“new normal”（新常态）。我们正在推行的comprehensivelydeepening reform（全面深化改革），既是liberate theproductive force（对社会生产力的解放），也是对unleash the vitality ofthe society（社会活力的解放），必将成为推动中国经济社会发展的强大动力。

政府用房标准

The National Development and Reform Commission andMinistry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development jointly released the 32-pageset of guidelines outlining the construction standards for Party and governmentbuildings and offices on Monday.国家发展改革委、住房建设部周一发布了长达32页的党政机关办公用房建设标准。

“党政机关办公用房建设标准”即guidelines outlining the constructionstandards for Party and government buildings and offices，标准规定minister's office（部级正职的办公室）不超过54平方米。外面不搞luxurious decorations（豪华装修），不定位为landmarkbuilding（城市标志性建筑）。

自2012年12月4日中国中央政治局通过的eight-point code to cutbureaucracy and maintain close ties with the people（关于改进工作作风、密切联系群众的八项规定），就要求官员消除hedonism（享乐主义）。

药价改革

Prices of more than 2,700 drugs willsoon be determined by the market, rather than the government, as China getsready to roll out its ambitious drug pricing reform plan, industry sources said on Thursday.据业界消息周四透露，中国已准备好施行大规模的药价改革计划，今后超过2700种药品价格将由市场而不是政府来决定。“药价改革”英文就是drugpricing reform，根据改革方案，国家拟取消药品最高零售限价或出厂价格，从完善药品采购机制、强化医保控费作用、强化医疗行为监管、强化价格行为监管等四方面加强监管，发挥医保支付基准价的引导作用，使药品市场价格保持在合理的水平。

现阶段government-priced drugs（由政府定价的药品）占据了整个药品市场的23%。从明年一月份开始，政府不再设定药品的maximumretail price（最高零售限价）或factory price（出厂价）。

第三篇：英语六级翻译

2012年6月

《孙子兵法》（The Art of War）是中国古代最重要的一部军事著作之一，是我国优秀传统文化的重要组成部分。孙子（Sun Tzu），即该书的作者，在书中揭示的一系列具有普遍意义的军事规律，不仅受到军事家门的推崇，还在经济领域、领导艺术、人生追求甚至家庭关系等诸多方面，具有广泛的指导作用。《孙子兵法》中的许多名言警句（epigram），富有哲理，意义深远，在国内外广为流传。如今，《孙子兵法》已被翻译成多种语言，在世界军事史上也具有重要的地位。

The Art of War is one of the most important ancient Chinese military literary works, and serves as an important part of outstanding traditional culture in China.Sun Tzu, the author of the book, revealed a series of universal military laws which are not only valued by militarists but also play an extensive guiding role in several fields such as economy, art of leadership, the pursuit of life and even family relationship.There are a lot of famous saying and epigrams in The Art of War that are rich in wisdom and have profound meanings and are thus widely circulated both at home and abroad.Nowadays The Art of War has been translated into many languages and it also plays an important role in the military history of the world.2012年12月

京剧

京剧（Peking Opera）已有200多年的历史，是中国的国剧。与其他地方戏相比，京剧享有更高的荣誉，但其实京剧融合了多种地方戏的元素。京剧演员的脸谱（facial make-up）和戏服都很精美，相比之下舞台布景则十分简单。表演者主要应用四种技能：唱、念、做、打。京剧较擅长于表现历史题材的政治、军事斗争，故事大多取自于历史演义和小说话本（historic and fictional stories）。在古代，京剧大多是在户外演出的，因此演员们形成了一种有穿透力的唱腔，以便每个人都能听到。

Peking Opera, as the national opera of China, has a history of more than 200 years.Compared with other Chinese local operas,Peking Opera enjoys a higher reputation;but actually it absorbed many elements of other local operas.The facial make-up and costumers of the performs are very delicate;by contrast, the backdrops are quiet plain.During performance, the performers mainly utilize four skills: song, speech, dance, and combat.Peking Opera is better at performing political and military struggle with historic and the performed stories are mainly from historic and fictional stories.In ancient times, Peking Opera, was mostly performed in the open air, so the performers developed a piercing style of song that could be heard by everyone.2013年6月

中国卫生监督部门决定在未来三到五年之内建立一个全国性的网络，用以监测空气污染对人类健康的影响。这一目标于国家卫生和计划生育委员会(National Health and Family Planning Commission)针对空气污染的一份工作文件中披露，根据这份文件，该网络将搜集不同地区空气中的PM2.5数据和主要空气污染物浓度变化的数据。这将为分析和评估空气污染对健康的影响提供数据支持。这一文件提到，缺乏长期而系统的监测使国家无法揭示空气污染和人类健康之间的联系。

China’s health watchdog has decided to set up a national network to monitor the impact air pollution on human’s health within the coming three to five years.The goal was revealed in a work document on air pollution released by National Health and Family Planning Commission.According to the document, the network will gather data on PM2.5 in the air in different regions and the density changes of main air pollutants.That will provide data support for the analysis and evaluation of the impact of air pollution on health.The document noted that lack of long-term and systematic monitoring prevented the country from uncovering the link between air pollution and human’s health.2013年12月第一套

中国人自古以来就在中秋时节庆祝丰收。这与北美地区庆祝感恩节的习俗十分相似。过中秋节的习俗于唐代早期在中国各地开始流行。中秋节在农历八月十五，是人门拜月的节日。这天夜晚皓月当空，人们合家团聚，共赏明月。2006年，中秋节贝类为中国文化遗产，2008年又被定位公共假日。月饼被视为中秋节不可或缺的美食。人们将月饼作为礼物馈赠亲友或在家庭聚会上享用。传统的月饼上带有“寿（longevity）”、“福”或“和”等字样。

Since ancient times, Chinese people have celebrated their harvest during mid-autumn, which is quite similar to the custom of celebrating Thanksgiving Day in North America.The custom of celebrating Mid-Autumn Festival started gaining its popularity in the early Tang Dynasty around China.The Mid-Autumn Festival ,celebrated on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month, is a festival for Chinese people to worship the moon.During the night of the day when the bright moon is shining in the sky, there will be family reunions and family members will enjoy the bight moon together.In 2006, the Mid-Autumn Festival was listed as a Chinese cultural heritage, and in 2008, it was designated as a public holiday.The moon cake is seen as the indispensable fine food for the Mid-Autumn Festival.People send moon cakes as gifts to their relatives and friends or they eat moon cakes at family gatherings.Traditional moon cakes are imprinted with Chinese characters conveying such meanings as “longevity”, “blessing”or “harmony”.2013年12月第三套

闻名于世界的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路延伸6000多公里，得名于中国古代的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要的作用。正式通过丝绸之路，中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷术这四大发明才被引介到世界各地。同样，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器(porcelain)也传遍全球。物质文化的交流是双向的，欧洲也通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物，满足中国市场的需求。

The word-famous Silk Road refers to a series of routes that connect the East and the West.The Silk Road extends for over 6,000 kilometers and derived its name from ancient China’s silk trade.The trades that occurred on the Silk Road played an important role in the development process of the civilization of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East.It is by way of the Silk Road that China’s four great inventions, namely paper-making, powder, compass and printing technology, were introduced to all over the word.Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain also spread to the whole word.Material and cultural exchanges are two-ways, for Europe also satisfied the demands of Chinese market by exporting various commodities and plants to China through the Silk Road.2013年12月第二套

中国园林（the Chinese garden）是经过三千多年演变而成的独具一格的园林景观（landscape）。它既包括为皇室成员享乐而建造的大型花园，也包括学者、商人和卸任的政府官员为摆脱嘈杂的外部世界而建造的私家花园。这些花园构成了一种意在表达人与自然之间应有的和谐关系的微缩景观。典型的中国园林四周有围墙，园内有池塘、假山（rock-work）、树木、花草以及各种各样由蜿蜒的小路和走廊连接的建筑。漫步在花园中，人们可以看到一系列精心设计的景观犹如山水画卷（scroll）一般展现在面前。

The Chinese garden is a unique landscape in virtue of evolution of more than three thousand years.It includes not only the large gardens built by the royal family for enjoyment, but also the private ones built by scholars, businessmen and former government officials for getting rid of the hustle and bustle of the outside world.These gardens constitute a kind of miniaturized landscape which aims at displaying the due harmonious relationship between human and nature.Typical Chinese gardens are surrounded by walls.In the gardens there are ponds, rock-works, trees, flowers and plants, and various architectures that are connected by winding paths or corridors.When rambling in the gardens, people can enjoy a series of elaborately designed landscapes which are presented in front of them like a landscape painting scroll.2014年6月

北京计划未来三年投资7,600亿元治理污染，从减少PM2.5排放入手。这一新公布的计划旨在减少四种主要污染源，包括500多万辆机动车的尾气（exhaust）排放、周边地区燃煤、来自北方的沙尘暴和本地的建筑灰尘。另有850亿元用于新建或升级城市垃圾处理和污水（sewage）处理设施，加上300医院投资未来三年的植树造林（forestation）。

市政府还计划建造一批水循环利用工厂，并制止违章建筑，以改善环境。另外，北京还将更严厉地处罚违反限排规定的行为。

Beijing has planned to invest 760 billion yuan to tackle pollution in coming three years, starting from reducing the PM2.5 emissions.The newly released plan is aimed at reducing four major pollution sources, including the exhaust emissions from more than 5 million motor vehicles, the burning of coals in the surrounding areas, the sandstorms from the North and the local construction dusts.Another 85 billion yuan will be used to build or upgrade the facilities for treatment of urban garbage and sewage and additional 30 billion yuan will be invested in forestation in the next three years.The municipal government also plans to set up a group of water recycling factories and curb peccancy buildings in order to improve the environment.In addition, Beijing will punish more severely the behaviors that violate the regulations of emission limitation.4

第四篇：英语六级翻译

一随着经济的快速发展和国际地位的提升，中国逐渐成为各国留学生的热门留学目的地。到2020年，中国将力○争成为亚洲最大的留学目的国。除了汉语之外，中国艺术、饮食、民俗、中医(Traditional Chinese Medicine)等颇具中国特色的专业也深受金发碧眼的洋学生们热捧。同时，中国为进一歩扩大外国留学生规模，不断增加政府奖学金的投入；另一方面，为吸引更多优秀的国际生源，各院校也增设了不少奖学金项目。参考翻译: With the rapid economic development and thepromotion of international status, China hasgradually become a popular destination country foroverseas students.China strives to be the hottestdestination country for overseas study in Asia bythe year 2020.Besides the Chinese language, the overseas students with blond hair and blueeyes are also interested in the majors with Chinese characteristics like Chinese art, food,folklore, traditional Chinese medicine and so on.Meanwhile, to expand the scale of overseasstudents, Chinese government constantly invests more to offer scholarships on the otherhand, to attract more excellent overseas students, universities also add many scholarshipprograms.1.随着经济的快速发展和国际地位的提升:表达“随着”的含义，可采用with加分词短语的形式。

2.力争成为亚洲最大的留学目的国:其中“力争”可用striveto表达；“最大的”即 “最热门的”，可译为 hottest。3.金发碧眼的洋学生们:其中“金发碧眼”可译为blond hairand blue eyes;“洋学生”可译为overseas students,文中“外国留学生”、“国际生源”均可用该词组表达。

4.扩大规模:可译为expand the scale of或increase the number of。

5.不断增加政府奖学金的投入:可译为Chinese government invests more to offer scholarships。6.增设了不少奖学金项目:可译为add many scholarship programs。

医生该如何学习诚实对待他们的病人呢？进行更多关于如何与病人沟通其健康状况的培训是极其重要的——尤其是在告知（deliver）坏消息时。如果检查结果对病人的健康没有影响的话，医生们可能不会把略有异常的实验室检查结果告诉给焦虑的病人。相反地，医生也许会夸大（exaggerate）正常的结果，希望能刺激病人更好地照顾自己。而病人们也需要清楚并确定他们所期望的医生的诚实度。毕竟，即便在医生的办公室里，交流也是双向的。参考译文：

How can doctors learn to be honest with their patients? More training about how to communicate with patients about their health is critical—especially when it comes to delivering bad news.Doctors may not tell the anxious patients the slightly abnormal results of a lab test, if it has no impact on the patient’s health.Conversely, they might exaggerate a normal result in hopes of motivating a patient to take better care of himself.Patients also need to be clear and certain about how honest they want their doctors to be.Communication is a two-way street, after all, even in the doctor’s office.词句点拨

1、极其重要的 critical

2、尤其是在告知（deliver）坏消息时 when it comes to delivering bad news.（注：注意come to的用法。come to sth.其中的一个意思就是“当达到某种状况（尤指不好的状况）时”。）

3、如果检查结果对病人的健康没有影响的话，医生们可能不会把略有异常的实验室检查结果告诉给焦虑的病人。Doctors may not tell the anxious patients the slightly abnormal results of a lab test, if it has no impact on the patient’s health.（注：注意这句话的翻译顺序，及检查结果重复出现时，翻译时可译为it。）

4、希望能刺激病人更好地照顾自己 in hopes of motivating a patient to take better care of himself

5、清楚并确定 be clear and certain

6、双向的 a two-way street

信用卡(credit card)是由银行发行的卡，持卡人可以凭卡赊购(buy on credit)商品和服务。使用信用卡最大的好处就是能给持卡人带来极大的方便。人们可以 使用信用卡赊购他们需要的东西，并在一段时期内付淸欠款,而不必随身携带大量的现金。但如此的便利也带来了一些问题，如恶意透支(malicious overdraft)。还会剌激使用者超前消费，容易产生月光族。在消费的时候，使用信用卡会促使消费者更加冲动地购物，甚至购买一些平时不怎么用的商品。参考译文：

A credit card is a card issued by a bank,allowing its holder to buy goods and services on credit.The most obvious advantage of credit card is the huge convenience it brings to card holders.People can use the cards to buy what they want on credit and pay off the debt over a period of time instead of carrying a large sum of cash with them.But such convenience also brings such problems as malicious overdraft and overconsumption which will easily reduce the card users to“moonlight group”.When shopping,consumers with credit cards will buy goods more impetuously.They will even buy something that is not often used in daily life.词句点拨

1.赊购商品和服务:赊购可用短语buy...on credit来表达。故此处可译为buy goods and services on credit。2.最大的好处:“大的好处”即“明显的好处”，故此处可译为the most obvious advantage。其中obvious意为“显著的”。3.但如此的便利也带来了一些问题，如恶意透支…:可译为But such convenience also brings such problems as malicious overdraft"其中，使用“such+n.+as...”这个结构可以达到清晰列举事例的效果。例如，我们买了苹果、香蕉、葡萄等水果，即We bought such fruits as apples,bananas,grapes,etc.4.恶意透支和超前消费:分别可译为名词短语malicious overdraft和over-consumption。

传统的中国婚俗被视为中国传统文化礼仪的基础。通常，婚礼是隆重场合，有很多的礼节。婚礼有八大程序，包括求婚、生辰匹配、合婚（marriage pination),下聘礼（betrothal gifts presenting)、确定婚期、置办嫁妆（dowry urging)、迎娶新娘、举行正式的结婚仪式。在中国传统的婚礼中，新娘由新郎牵着。她头顶红盖头，全程都垂在肩上。传统的中国婚俗已经实行了几千年。它们可能会因时间和地点而异，但在中国人的生活中一直占据着重要地位，对中国人的生活方式产生着深远的影响。参考译文：

Traditional Chinese wedding customs are considered as the foundation of rites in traditional Chinese culture.A wedding is usually a grand occasion with so many formalities.There are eight major procedures of a wedding,including proposal making,birthday matching,marriage pination,betrothal gifts presenting,wedding date fixing,dowry urging,welcoming the bride to the wedding and performing the formal wedding ceremony.During the traditional Chinese wedding ceremony,the bride is led by her groom.Her head is covered by a red veil which is Ming down to her shoulder during the whole period.Traditional Chinese wedding customs have been running for thousands of years.They may vary from place to place and from time to time,but they have been holding an important position in the life of Chinese people,having a far-reaching impact on Chinese people's lifestyle.词句点拨

1.隆重场合:可译为a grand occasion。grand意为“重大的，盛大的 2.求婚:可译为名词结构proposal making。3.生辰匹配:可译为birthday matching。

4.合婚:八字合婚是中国民间的一种旧俗，即婚前男女双方交换庚帖，以卜八字是否相配来确定婚姻是否幸福美满。故此处译为marriage pination,pination意为“预测，占卜”。

5.下聘礼:可译为betrothal gifts presenting。betrothal是名词，意为“订婚”，betrothal gifts意为“聘礼”。6.置办嫁妆:可译为dowry urging。

7.红盖头:可译为red veil。veil意为“头巾；面纱”。

8.因...而异:可译为vary。vary是常见词，常用词组有vary from(与...不同),vary with(随...而不同)，vary in(在...方面有差异)。

地球表面超过70%是水，水无疑是地球上最宝贵的自然资源。若非这些看似毫无价值的氢氧化合物(compound of oxygen and hydrogen)，地球上的生命将不复存在，因为万物的生长繁荣都依存于此。尽管人类承认这个现实，但是我们对此漠视，依然在污染我们的江河湖海。久而久之，地球确实深受其害，生物正以惊人的速度死亡。除了无辜生命的死亡外，我们的饮用水和水上娱乐活动也收到了极大的影响。为了应对水污染，我们必须理解症结所在，并参与解决。

请看下面的汉译英段落翻译：

【参考译文】：

Comprising over 70% of the Earth’s surface, water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet.Without the seemingly invaluable compound of oxygen and hydrogen, life on Earth would be non-exist: it is essential for everything on our planet to grow and prosper.Although we as humans recognize this fact, we disregard it by polluting our rivers, lakes, and oceans.Subsequently, we are slowly but surely harming our planet to the point where organisms are dying at a very alarming rate.In addition to innocent organisms dying off, our drinking water has become greatly affected as is our abilities to use water for recreational purposes.In order to combat water pollution, we must understand the problems and become part of the solution.在当今社会，相差三岁，就会有“沟”，即所谓的:“三岁一代沟”。以前，在人们的思维里，代沟(generation gap)所表示的时间长度是10到20年。而到了21世纪，随着全国各地的经济发展，人们