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译文：

Visual Basic 语言与算法

1991年，美国微软公司推出了Visual Basic(可简称VB），目前的最新版本是VB 2008 Beta2(VB9)中文版。

Visual 意即可视的、可见的，指的是开发像windows操作系统的图形用户界面（Graphic User Interface,GUI）的方法，它不需要编写大量代码去描述界面元素的外观和位置，只要把预先建立好的对象拖放到屏幕上相应的位置即可。

Basic 实际上是一个短语的缩写，这个短语就是 Beginners all_purpose symbolic instruction code，其中文意思为“初始者通用符号指令代码语言”。Visual Basic有学习版、专业版和企业版三种版本，以满足不同的开发需要。学习版适用于普通学习者及大多数使用Visual Basic开发一般Windows应用程序的人员，但是；专业版适用于计算机专业开发人员，包括了学习版的全部内容功能以及Internet控件开发工具之类的高级特性；企业版除包含专业版全部的内容外，还有自动化构件管理器等工具，使得专业编程人员能够开发功能强大的组骨子里分布式应用程序。

Visual Basic

第1节Visual Basic的概述

Microsoft Visual Basic(简称VB)是在Windows操作平台下设计应用程序的最速度、最简捷的工具之一。不论是初学者还是专业开发人员，VB都为他们提供了一整套的工具，可以轻松方便的开发应用程序。因此，VB一直被作为大多数电脑初学者的首选入门编程语言。

“Visual”指的是采用可视化的开发图形用户界面（GUI）的方法，一般不需要编写大量代码去描述界面元素的外观和位置，而只要把需要的控件拖放到屏幕上的相应位置即可方便图形设计图形用户界面；“Basic”指的是 BASIC语言，因为VB是在原有的BAISC语言的基础上发展起来的。

VB是 Microsoft的一种通用程序设计语言，它包括在 Microsoft Excel、Microsoft Access等众多Windows应用软件中的VBA都使用VB语言，以供用户进行二次开发；目前制作网页使用较多的VBScript脚本语言也是VB的子集。

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利用VB的数据访问特性用户可以对包括 Microsoft SQL Server和其他企业数据库在内的大部分数据库格式创建数据库和前端应用程序，以及可调整的服务端部件。利用ActiveX(TM)技术，VB可使用 Microsoft Word字处理器、Microsoft Excel电子数据表极其他Windows应用程序提供的功能，甚至可直接使用由VB专业版或企业版创建的应用程序和对象。

用户最终创建的程序是一个真正的.EXE文件，可以自由发布。

VB提供了学习版，专业版和企业版，用以满足不同的开发需求。学习版使编程人员很容易地开发Windows和Windows NT的应用程序。专业版为专业编程人员提供了功能完备的开发工具，专业版中包含了学习版的所有功能。企业版允许专业人员以小组的形式来创建强大的分布式应用程序。它包括专业版的所有的特性。所以可以根据不同的需要来选择不同的版本。

第2节集成开发环境

VB的集成环境或称IDE，由多个部分组成，包含了标题栏、菜单栏、工具栏、控件箱，以及窗体设计器窗口、工程管理器窗口、属性窗口、代码窗口和窗体布局窗体布局等。覆盖了开发应用程序的设计、编辑、编译和调试等所有功能。

在VB中，应用程序也称工程。当第一次启动VB并打开一个新工程时，可以看到如图所示的集成开发环境界面。

Visual Basic 集成开发环境

VB通过工程来组织应用程序的开发，使用工程来管理构成应用程序的所有文件。一个工程一般由若干个窗体、标准模块以及应用环境组成。系统通过工程菜单来对工程进行管理，如添加窗体、引用等。系统允许同时打开和管理多个工程。

第3节Visual Basic语言简介

Basic是最常被用来做入门使用的高级语言。它的全名是 Beginner’s All-purpose Sumbolic Instruction Code，简称为 BASIC。顾名思义，Basic就是一种专为初学者设计的语言，因其易学易懂，所以身受欢迎。早期的Basic语言都是属于解译式的，因此可以一行一行地执行，所以它可以立刻看到执行的结果，对初学者来说这是很方便的设计。不过它也因此没有结构化的概念，在程序的维护及管理上比起其他语言困难许多。不过在后期的Basic则改正了以上的缺点（如 学院毕业设计（论文）译文专用纸 第 4 页

Quick Basic），使得它也可以用来开发较大型的程序。

语言是构成VB程序的基本成分。VB规定了语句格式和功能。

语法：

语句定义符[语句体]

语句定义符用于规定语句的功能，语句体指定语句的具体内容或要执行的具体操作。所有语句的集合就是VB语言，用VB语句进行有机组合完成某个特定功能就是程序。界面+程序就能解决某个应用问题。

VB应用程序代码一般在“代码编辑器”窗口编写。“代码编辑器”像是一个高度专门化的字处理软件，有很多便于编写VB代码的功能，图所示为[例Ex-Hello]在“代码编辑器”窗口编写的代码。

“代码编辑器”窗口

第4节用Visual Basic开发应用程序

使用VB编程，一般先设计应用程序的外观，然后再分别编写各对象事件的程序代码或其他处理程序，编程的工作要轻松多。

创建应用程序的步骤如下：

1． 创建应用程序界面

界面是用户和程序交互的桥梁，用VB创建的标准的WINDOWS应用程序的界面一般由窗体和按钮、菜单、文本框的图象框等构成。根据程序的功能要求和用户与程序之间的信息交流的需要，来确定需要那些对象，规划界面的布局。

2． 设计界面上各个对象的属性

根据规划的界面要求设置各个对象的属性，比如对象的外貌、名称、颜色、大小等。

大多数属性取值既可以在设计时通过属性窗口来设置，也可以在程序代码中通过编程在程序运行时设置修改。

3． 编程对象响应的程序代码

界面仅仅决定了程序的外观，设计完界面后就要通过“代码编辑器” 窗口来添加代码，实现一些在接受外界信息后作出响应、信息处理等任务，添加代码，实现一些在接受外界信息后作出的响应、信息处理等任务，添加代码如图的代码编辑窗口所示

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“代码编辑器”窗口

4． 保存工程

一个VB程序就是一个工程，在设计一个应用程序时，系统会建立一个扩展名为.vbp的工程文件，工程文件包含了该工程所建立的所有文件的相关信息，保存工程就同时保存了该工程的所有相关文件。比如当设计界面时产生的窗体保存在扩展名为.frm和.frx的窗体文件中。在打开一个工程（文件）时，该工程有关的所有文件同时被装载。

5． 行和调试程序

通过“运行”菜单中的选项来运行程序，当出现错误时，VB系统可以提供信息提示也可通过“调试”和“运行”菜单来查找和排除错误。

6．生成可执行程序

为了使程序可以脱离VB环境，通过“文件”菜单中的“生成工程1.exe”命令来生成可执行程序（.exe文件），此后即可直接执行该文件。在生成可+执行程序后，再通过安装向导将所有相关文件打包，就可以作为一个软件产品在windows 9x/2000 环境下安装后独立运行

VB的数据库编程方面按其难易程度可分为三类(由易到难);●使用数据库控制项和绑定控制项 ●使用数据库对象变量进行编程 ●直接调用ODBC2.0API 在使用VB进行数据库编程时,通常,会首先选择三种基本方法之一来进行数据库应用程序的方案设计, 现在就将以上三种设计方法的适应范围及其优缺点进行一个比较。使用数据库控制项和绑定控制项 1.1优点

它是三种方法中编码量最小的 不必了解CDBC2.0API的细节

允许使用标准的和第三方厂商制订的控制项 简化了错误处理

支持所有的动态集方法及属性

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1.2缺点

不能存取快照对象(snapshop)对象或表格对象(都属于记录集对象)不能存取数据库集合,比如表定义(TableDefs)字段(Fieds),索引(Indexes)及查询定义(QueryDefs)只能存取部分ODBC2.0管理函数 不能进行真正的事务处理 有限的错误诊断功能 1.3应用

对中小规模的数据库表(通常少于一千条记录)只进行简章的浏览操作 基本SQL查询所对应的结果集长度有限(通常结果集的记录数小于一百, 这些记录从一个或两个长度有限的表中检索出来)应用程序的数据输入/输出项较少(通常只涉及一个或两个长度有限的表、并且表中的字段数在10个左右且不具有关系完整性限制 使用数据库对象变量进行编程 2.1 优点

可以在程序中存取ODBC2.0的管理函数

可以控制多种记录集类型:Dynaset、Snapshop及Table记录集合对象 可以存取存储过程和查询动作

可以存取数据库集合对象,例如TableDefs、Fields、Indexes及QueryDefs 具有真正的事务处理能力 , 包括启动事务(Begintrans)、提交事务(CommitTrans)及回滚事务(Rollback)2.2 缺点

比使用数据控制项的方法编码量较大 只能进行间接的错误处理和错误恢复 对每个数据库操作没有细粒度的控制

对结果集和包含结果集的内丰资源的操作受到限制 同直接使用ODBC2.0API函数的方法相比性能较低 2.3 应用

应用程序需要在执行期间动态地建立表、字段及索引.学院毕业设计（论文）译文专用纸 第 7 页

应用程序涉及同步更新几张表(但在逻辑上保持一致性)的复杂事务 应用程序使用结果集而不是Dynaset的窗体(FORMS),例如Snapshots或Tables,这里是设计要考虑的关键

应用程序的表非常大,多于1000条记录

应用程序具有复杂的数据输入/输出项,它涉及许多内部相关的字段并且包括数据库参照完整性或一致性规则

应用程序需要执行一些额外的操作和对结果集的查询后处理, 尤其是需要很高的数据格式化显示

应用程序需要利用复杂的ODBC管理功能以选择、配置、校验及建立各种数据源

应用程序需要在执行期间“显示”数据库的基本结构 应用程序需要使用复杂的多码索引方式来检索或更新记录 3 直接调用ODBC2.0API 3.1 优点

可以直接参与结果集的开发、管理及规范化

对结果集游标提供了更多的控制,并且提供了更多的游标类型和执行动作 能够确定ODBC驱动程序及SQL的一致性级别 可以更好地控制Windows的执行调度及资源利用

其他方面同其他方法差不多,因此这种方法很可能具有最好的性能 3.2 缺点

较其他两种方法需要大量的代码

代码复杂并且要求程序员具有编制API调用的经验

在网络上Visual Basic运行期间库的错误处理缺乏安全性,因此代码运行期间出现的错误所造成的后果会非常严重

3.3 应用

如果系统环境为客户机/服务器模式下的大规模多用户环境,那么应用程序必须都能够准确地解决可能出现的系统错误和失败

应用程序强调资源使用,这里如何对内存、网络服务器资源进行直接控制是首要的考虑因素

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应用程序使用超大规模数据库,例如数据库表可能包含几万或几十万条记录 计算机系统中的任何软件，都是由大大小小的各种软件组成部分构成，各自按照特定的算法来实现，算法的好坏直接决定所实现软件性能的优劣。用什么方法来设计算法，所设计算法需要什么样的资源，需要多少运行时间、多少存储空间，如何判定一个算法的好坏，在实现一个软件时，都是必须予以解决的。计算机系统中的操作系统、语言编译系统、数据库管理系统以及各种各样的计算机应用系统中的软件，都必须用一个个具体的算法来实现。因此，算法设计与分析是计算机科学与技术的一个核心问题。

算法是解题的步骤，我们可以把算法定义成解一确定类问题的任意一种特殊的方法。在计算机科学中，算法要用计算机算法语言描述，算法代表用计算机解一类问题的精确、有效的方法。算法+数据结构=程序，求解一个给定的可计算或可解的问题，不同的人可以编写出不同的程序，来解决同一个问题，这里存在两个问题：一是与计算方法密切相关的算法问题；二是程序设计的技术问题。算法和程序之间存在密切的关系。算法是一组有穷的规则，它们规定了解决某一特定类型问题的一系列运算，是对解题方案的准确与完整的描述。制定一个算法，一般要经过设计、确认、分析、编码、测试、调试、计时等阶段。对算法的学习包括五个方面的内容：

① 设计算法。算法设计工作是不可能完全自动化的，应学习了解已经被实践证明是有用的一些基本的算法设计方法，这些基本的设计方法不仅适用于计算机科学，而且适用于电气工程、运筹学等领域。

② 表示算法。描述算法的方法有多种形式，例如自然语言和算法语言，各自有适用的环境和特点。

③确认算法。算法确认的目的是使人们确信这一算法能够正确无误地工作，即该算法具有可计算性。正确的算法用计算机算法语言描述，构成计算机程序，计算机程序在计算机上运行，得到算法运算的结果。

④ 分析算法。算法分析是对一个算法需要多少计算时间和存储空间作定量的分析。分析算法可以预测这一算法适合在什么样的环境中有效地运行，对解决同一问题的不同算法的有效性作出比较。

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⑤ 验证算法。用计算机语言描述的算法是否可计算、有效合理，须对程序进行测试，测试程序的工作由调试和作时空分布图组成。

而算法具有一定的特性，它包括：

① 确定性。算法的每一种运算必须有确定的意义，该种运算应执行何种动作应无二义性，目的明确。

② 能行性。要求算法中有待实现的运算都是基本的，每种运算至少在原理上能由人用纸和笔在有限的时间内完成。

③ 输入。一个算法有0个或多个输入，在算法运算开始之前给出算法所需数据的初值，这些输入取自特定的对象集合。

④ 输出。作为算法运算的结果，一个算法产生一个或多个输出，输出是同输入有某种特定关系的量。

⑤ 有穷性。一个算法总是在执行了有穷步的运算后终止，即该算法是可达的。满足前四个特性的一组规则不能称为算法，只能称为计算过程，操作系统是计算过程的一个例子，操作系统用来管理计算机资源，控制作业的运行，没有作业运行时，计算过程并不停止，而是处于等待状态。

算法的复杂性是算法效率的度量，在评价算法性能时，复杂性是一个重要的依据。算法的复杂性的程度与运行该算法所需要的计算机资源的多少有关，所需要的资源越多，表明该算法的复杂性越高；所需要的资源越少，表明该算法的复杂性越低。计算机的资源，最重要的是运算所需的时间和存储程序和数据所需的空间资源，算法的复杂性有时间复杂性和空间复杂性之分。

算法在计算机上执行运算，需要一定的存储空间存放描述算法的程序和算法所需的数据，计算机完成运算任务需要一定的时间。根据不同的算法写出的程序放在计算机上运算时，所需要的时间和空间是不同的，算法的复杂性是对算法运算所需时间和空间的一种度量。不同的计算机其运算速度相差很大，在衡量一个算法的复杂性要注意到这一点。

对于任意给定的问题，设计出复杂性尽可能低的算法是在设计算法时考虑的一个重要目标。另外，当给定的问题已有多种算法时，选择其中复杂性最低者，是在选用算法时应遵循的一个重要准则。因此，算法的复杂性分析对算法的设计或选用有着重要的指导意义和实用价值。

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原文： 出处：

Visual Basic language and arithmetic The United States launched the Microsoft Visual Basic(may be referred to VB), is the latest version of the current VB 2008 Beta2(VB9)Chinese version.Visual meaning the visual, visible, referring to the development of operating systems like windows graphical user interface(Graphic User Interface, GUI)method, it does not need to prepare a large number code to describe the appearance of the interface elements and location, as long as the pre-The establishment of good drag and drop objects on the screen corresponding to the location.Basic is actually an abbreviation of the phrase;this phrase is Beginners all-purpose symbolic instruction code, the Chinese meaning “to the initial directive GM symbol code language.”

Visual Basic learning, Professional Edition and Enterprise Edition versions to meet the different needs of the development.Study and apply to the ordinary version of the majority of learners and the use of Visual Basic development of the general staff of Windows applications, but;professional version for computer professional development of staff, including the study of functional version of the full content control and Internet development tools such as advanced features ,Enterprise contain not only all the professional version of the content, there are automated tools such as Component Manager, professional programmers to make the development of a powerful group essence of distributed applications.Visual Basic

Section 1 the summary of Visual Basic

Microsoft Visual Basic,(abbreviate VB)as tool the most of application program one of under Windows operating platform.No matter beginner or professional developer, VB has all offered a whole set of tools to them, Development application program that it can be relaxed and convenient.So VB as most computer first-selected the ABC of programming language of beginner.学院毕业设计（论文）译文专用纸 第 11 页

“ Visual” mean method to adopt visual user of development figure interface(GUI), need and write a large number of code go and describe interface appearance and position of element seldom, Tow and show controlling part that need corresponding position to get screen can help figure design interface, user of figure,;“ Basic” means BASIC language, because VB is developed on the basis of already existing BAISC language.VB is a kind of programming language in common use of Microsoft, It, including VBA of the numerous Windows application software use VB language in Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Accessed., For users to carry on the secondary development;Make web page use more VBScript script language sub collection of VB too at present.Utilize data of VB visit characteristic user can establish the data base to most data base forms including Microsoft SQL Server and other enterprises data base With the application program of front, and adjustable service end part.Utilize ActiveX(TM)technology, VB can use word processor, electronic data list he Windows function that application program offers extremely, Excel of Microsoft， Word of Microsoft， Even can use by VB specialty edition or enterprise application program and target that edition establish directly.The procedure that users established finally is a real.EXE file , can issue freely.VB offer study edition, the specialty edition and enterprise edition, use to satisfied with different development demands.Study edition make programming personnel develop Windows and Windows application program of NT very easily.The specialty edition has offered the developing instrument with complete function to programming personnel of the specialty, Include studying all functions of edition in the specialty edition.Enterprise edition allow the professional personnel to establish strong distributed application program in the form of group.It includes all characteristics of the specialty edition.So can choose different editions according to different needs.Section 2 integrated development environments

Integrated environment of VB call IDE, made up of a lot of parts , include title board, menu fence, tool fence, controlling part case, And window body window, 学院毕业设计（论文）译文专用纸 第 12 页

engineering management device window, attribute window, code window and window body overall arrangement window body overall arrangement, etc.of designing etc..Have covered all functions, such as design which develops the application program, editting, compiling and debugging, etc..In VB, the application program calls the project too.When start VB and open a new project for the first time, can see and pursue integrated development environment interface that show.Visual Basic Integrated development environment

VB come and organize development of application program through project, use project come and manage and form files of application program.One project uses the environment to make up by several window bodies, standard module generally.The system manages project through the project menu, for instance add the window body, quote.System allow turn on and manage a lot of projects besides.Section 3 Visual Basic language brief introductions

Basic use and do the elementary high-level language that used often most.Its full name is Beginner' s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, abbreviate as BASIC.As its name suggests, Basic one specially for language that beginner design, because it easy to learn easy to know, So the body is popular.Early Basic language to belong to and solve translating type, so can carry out line by line , So it can see the result carried out at once , this is a very convenient design for beginner.But it have concept of structure either, one that is in procedure maintain and management have as much as other language problems.But back-end Basic correct shortcoming of the above(such as Quick Basic), make it may used for and develop the large-scaler procedure too.The language is the basic composition, which forms VB procedure.VB has stipulated the form of sentences and function.Grammar:

The sentence defines incantations [Sentence body]

Sentence define agree with and used in fixed function of sentence, sentence body appoint concrete content or want concrete operation that carry out of sentence.All set of sentence VB language, carry on with VB sentence organic association finish a 学院毕业设计（论文）译文专用纸 第 13 页

certain specific function the procedure.Interface + procedure can solve a certain application problem.VB application program code window write in“ code editing machine” generally.“ editing machine of code” is like the word processing software of a piece of height specialization, there are many easies function of writing VB code, Pursue to show [Example Ex-Hello ]In“ code editing machine” code that window written.“Editing machine of code” window

Section 4 develop the application program with Visual Basic

Use VB programming, design appearance of application program first generally, write every target procedure code or other treatment procedure of incident respectively, Work of programming should be light more.The procedure of establishing the application program is as follows: Establish application program interface

The interface is the mutual bridge of user and procedure, Generally formed of window body and vision frame of the button, menu, text frameset.with standard WINDOWS interface of application program that VB establish.Require according to function of procedure and user and need of information interchange of procedure, Come to confirm that need those targets , plan the overall arrangement of the interface.2.Design by each attributes of target in interface

Demand and set up each attribute of target such as appearance, name， size of targeted.according to interface of planning.Most attribute person who fetch can set up through the attribute window when design already, Too can set up revising when operating in procedure through programming in procedure code.Have the targets respond programming by procedure code

3.Respond procedure code of programming target

Interface determine appearance of procedure only, design window add codes through“ code editing machine” soon after the interface, Realize some make the tasks, such as responding, information processing,etc.after accepting external message, Add 学院毕业设计（论文）译文专用纸 第 14 页

code , realize some response, information processing that make after accepting external information task, As editor's window of code pursued shows add codes

“code editing machine” window

4.Keep project

One VB procedure one project, at the time of designing a application program, system will set up one be expanded and called.Project file of vbp, project file include all relevant information of file that project set up this, Keep project keep associated documents of project this at the same time.For example the window body produced when design interfaces is kept and being expanded and being called.Frm sum.In the window body of foxfire.At the time of opening a project(file), this project relevant files load at the same time.5.Operate and debugged by procedure

Operate the procedure thoroughpin operate“ selecting in the menu, when the mistake appears, VB system can offer information prompt can looked for and get rid of the mistake thoroughpin debug” within operate“ menus too.6.Can produce by executive program

For make procedure can break away from VB environment, order to become next life through” file“" producing project 1.exe” of menu but executive program(eyeful), Can carry out this file directly after this.In produce, + executive program, and then through install guide bale all associated documents, Can run independently after installation under the environment of windows 9 x/2000 as a software product.In computer system's any software, is by the every large or small each kind of software constituent constitution, defers to the specific algorithm to realize respectively, the algorithm quality direct decision realizes the software performance fit and unfit quality.Designs the algorithm with any method, what resources designs the algorithm to need, requires how many running time, how many storage space, how to determine an algorithm the quality, when realizes a software, is must give to solve.In computer system's operating system, the language compiling system, the database management system as well as in various computer application system's software, must use each one concrete algorithm to realize.Therefore, the algorithm design and 学院毕业设计（论文）译文专用纸 第 15 页

the analysis are the computer science and a technical core question.The algorithm is the problem-solving step, we may define the algorithm Cheng Jie a determination class question the random one special method.In the computer science, the algorithm needs to use the computer algorithmic language to describe, the algorithm represents with the computer solves a kind of question precisely, the effective method.The algorithm construction of data = procedure, solves one to assign may calculate or the solvable question, the different person may compile the different procedure, solves the identical problem, here has two problems: First, with computational method close related algorithm question;Second, programming technical question.Between the algorithm and the procedure has the close relationship.The algorithm is a group has the poor rule, they had stipulated solves some specific type question a series of operations, is to the problem solving plan accurate and the complete description.Formulates an algorithm, generally must pass through stages and so on design, confirmation, analysis, code, test, debugging, time.To algorithm study including five aspect contents: ① Design algorithm.The algorithm design work is impossible completely the automation, should study the understanding already by the practice to prove that was the useful some basic algorithm design method, these basic design method was not only suitable for the computer science, moreover was suitable for domains and so on electrical engineering, operations research;② Expresses the algorithm.The description algorithm's method has many kinds of forms, for example the natural language and the algorithmic language, have the suitable environment and the characteristic respectively;③Confirms the algorithm.The algorithm confirmed the goal is causes the people to believe firmly that this algorithm can work unmistakably correctly, namely this algorithm has the circularity.The correct algorithm describes with the computer algorithmic language, constitutes the computer program, the computer program moves on the computer, obtains the algorithm operation result;④ Parsing algorithm.The algorithmic analysis is requires how many computing time and the storage space to an algorithm makes the quota the analysis.The parsing 学院毕业设计（论文）译文专用纸 第 16 页

algorithm may forecast that what environment this algorithm does suit in moves effectively, to solves the identical question different algorithm validity to make the comparison;⑤ Confirmation algorithm.With machine language description algorithm whether can calculate effectively, reasonable, must carry on the test to the procedure, the test order work and makes the space and time distribution map by the debugging to be composed.But the algorithm has certain characteristic, it includes: ① Determinism.Algorithm each kind of operation must have the determination significance, this kind of operation should carry out what kind of movement should not to have the ambiguity, the goal is clear;② Effectiveness.Requests the operation which in the algorithm waits for realizing is basic, each kind of operation can at least completes in the principle by the human with the paper and the pen in the limited time;③ Input.An algorithm has 0 or the many inputs, before the algorithm operation starts gives the algorithm to need the data the starting value, these inputs are from the specific object set;④ Output.Does for the algorithm operation result, an algorithm has or many outputs, the output has some kind of specific relational quantity with the input;⑤ Has poor.An algorithm always after carrying out had the poor step operation has terminated, namely this algorithm was may reach.Satisfies a first four characteristic group of rule not to be able to be called the algorithm, can only be called the computational process, the operating system is a computational process example, the operating system uses for to manage the computer resources, controls the manufacture industry movement, when has not made industry the movement, the computational process does not stop, but is at the waiting status.The algorithm complexity is the algorithm efficiency measure, when appraises the algorithm performance, the complexity is an important basis.The algorithm complex degree with moves computer resources how many which this algorithm 学院毕业设计（论文）译文专用纸 第 17 页

needs related, needs the resources are more, indicated that this algorithm the complexity is higher;Needs the resources are less, indicated that this algorithm the complexity is lower.The spatial resources, which computer’s resources, operate most importantly, needs the time which and the stored routine and the data need, the algorithm complexity has pision time complexity and the spatial complexity.The algorithm carries out the operation on the computer, needs the data which certain storage space depositing description algorithm the procedure and the algorithm need, the computer completes the operation task to require certain time.The procedure which writes according to the different algorithm places when on the computer operates, needs the time and the space are different, the algorithm complexity is needs the time and the spatial one kind of measure to the algorithm operation.The different computer its operating speed difference is very big, is weighing an algorithm the complexity to note this point.Regarding question, which assigns willfully, a profitable target which designs, the complex low algorithm is as far as possible when designs algorithm considered.Moreover, when the question, which assigns already when has many kinds of algorithms, an important criterion which choice complexity low, is when selects algorithm should follow.Therefore, the algorithm complex analysis or selects to the algorithm design has the important guiding sense and the use value.

第二篇：VB图书管理系统

图书管理系统的设计与实现

目录

一、序言······················································································································4

二、需求分析说明书 ····································································································4 2.1系统介绍..................................................................................................................................................4 2.2系统面向的用户群体..............................................................................................................................4 2.3系统的功能性需求..................................................................................................................................4 2.4系统的非功能性需求..............................................................................................................................5 2.4.1用户界面需求...................................................................................................................................5 2.4.2软硬件环境需求...............................................................................................................................5 2.4.3软件质量需求...................................................................................................................................5

三、可行性分析报告 ····································································································5 3.1技术可行性..............................................................................................................................................5 3.2人员可能性..............................................................................................................................................5 3.3时间、设备可能性..................................................................................................................................5 3.4系统工作量..............................................................................................................................................5 3.5代码工作量..............................................................................................................................................5 3.6文档要求..................................................................................................................................................5

四、开发环境与项目规划 ·····························································································5 4.1开发环境..................................................................................................................................................5 4.2项目规划与管理......................................................................................................................................5 4.2.1开发人员安排...................................................................................................................................5 4.2.2开发进度安排...................................................................................................................................6

五、软件界面设计标准与规范 ······················································································6 5.1编写目的..................................................................................................................................................6 5.2界面设计思想..........................................................................................................................................6 5.3界面设计原则..........................................................................................................................................6 5.4界面设计样式..........................................................................................................................................6 5.5常见提示信息样式..................................................................................................................................6 5.6常见错误信息样式..................................................................................................................................7 5.7其他界面约定..........................................................................................................................................7

六、软件编码设计标准与规范 ······················································································7 6.1对象命名约定..........................................................................................................................................7 6.2常量和变量命名约定..............................................................................................................................8 6.3结构化编码约定......................................................................................................................................8 6.4数据源的约定..........................................................................................................................................9 6.5数据库访问约定......................................................................................................................................9 6.6其他约定..................................................................................................................................................9

七、数据库分析与设计·································································································10 7.1数据库环境说明.......................................................................................................................................10 7.2数据库命名标准与规范...........................................................................................................................10 7.3数据库逻辑设计.......................................................................................................................................10 7.4数据库物理设计.......................................................................................................................................10 7.4.1表、视图汇总...................................................................................................................................10 7.4.2各表、视图设计详解.......................................................................................................................11

八、软件体系结构设计说明书 ······················································································15 8.1系统概述..................................................................................................................................................15 8.2设计约束..................................................................................................................................................15 8.3设计策略..................................................................................................................................................15 8.4系统概要设计说明书..............................................................................................................................16 8.4.1图例说明...........................................................................................................................................16 8.4.2系统总体结构图...............................................................................................................................16 8.5系统详细设计说明书..............................................................................................................................17 8.5.1系统模块汇总...................................................................................................................................17 8.5.2系统核心模块详解...........................................................................................................................18 8.5.3系统模块详解...................................................................................................................................28

九、用户界面设计报告·································································································42 9.1界面设计规范..........................................................................................................................................42 9.2系统窗体汇总..........................................................................................................................................42 9.3主界面设计..............................................................................................................................................43 9.4子界面设计..............................................................................................................................................43 9.5界面资源设计..........................................................................................................................................44

十、软件测试分析报告·································································································44 10.1测试范围与主要内容............................................................................................................................44 10.2测试方法................................................................................................................................................44 10.3测试报告................................................................................................................................................44 10.4改进建议与措施....................................................................................................................................45

十一、软件使用说明书·································································································45 11.1软件概述.................................................................................................................................................45 11.2使用说明.................................................................................................................................................45 11.2.1系统登陆..........................................................................................................................................45 11.2.2系统退出..........................................................................................................................................46 11.2.3图书类别管理..................................................................................................................................46 11.2.4图书信息管理..................................................................................................................................48 11.2.5查询图书信息..................................................................................................................................48 11.2.6读者类别管理..................................................................................................................................49 11.2.7读者信息管理..................................................................................................................................49 11.2.8查询读者信息..................................................................................................................................50 11.2.9借书管理..........................................................................................................................................50 11.2.10还书管理........................................................................................................................................50 参考资料······················································································································51

一、序言

图书管理系统的设计与推出是多方面原因促成的，比如学校的图书管理，日常管理工作 1 都是人工操作，历史数据很难保存和利用。而其他的小型图书馆大多如此。针对这种状况，我计划开发一个面向小型图书馆的图书管理系统，实现对人员、物流的全面管理，以帮助这些图书馆早日实现书店管理信息化。

为了系统的顺利开发和维护，特编制如下技术文档：

想要全部 请加QQ：76536415 专业设计 毕业论文

第三篇：毕业设计外文翻译

外文原文

Overview of JSp Technology

Benefits of JSp

JSp pages are translated into servlets.So, fundamentally, any task JSp pages can perform could also be accomplished by servlets.However, this underlying equivalence does not mean that servlets and JSp pages are equally appropriate in all scenarios.The issue is not the power of the technology, it is the convenience, productivity, and maintainability of one or the other.After all, anything you can do on a particular computer platform in the Java programming language you could also do in assembly language.But it still matters which you choose.JSp provides the following benefits over servlets alone:

•It is easier to write and maintain the HTML.Your static code is ordinary HTML: no extra backslashes, no double quotes, and no lurking Java syntax.•You can use standard Web-site development tools.Even HTML tools that know nothing about JSp can be used because they simply ignore the JSp tags.•You can pide up your development team.The Java programmers can work on the dynamic code.The Web developers can concentrate on the presentation layer.On large projects, this pision is very important.Depending on the size of your team and the complexity of your project, you can enforce a weaker or stronger separation between the static HTML and the dynamic content.Now, this discussion is not to say that you should stop using servlets and use only JSp instead.By no means.Almost all projects will use both.For some requests in your project, you will use servlets.For others, you will use JSp.For still others, you will combine them with the MVC architecture.You want the appropriate tool for the job, and servlets, by themselves, do not complete your toolkit.Advantages of JSp Over Competing Technologies

A number of years ago, Marty was invited to attend a small 20-person industry roundtable discussion on software technology.Sitting in the seat next to Marty was James Gosling, inventor of the Java programming language.Sitting several seats away was a high-level manager from a very large software company in Redmond, Washington.During the discussion, the moderator brought up the subject of Jini, which at that time was a new Java technology.The moderator asked the manager what he thought of it, and the manager responded that it was too early to tell, but that it seemed to be an excellent idea.He went on to say that they would keep an eye on it, and if it seemed to be catching on, they would follow his company's usual “embrace and extend” strategy.At this point, Gosling lightheartedly interjected “You mean disgrace and distend.”

Now, the grievance that Gosling was airing was that he felt that this company would take technology from other companies and suborn it for their own purposes.But guess what? The shoe is on the other foot here.The Java community did not invent the idea of designing pages as a mixture of static HTML and dynamic code marked with special tags.For example, ColdFusion did it years earlier.Even ASp(a product from the very software company of the aforementioned manager)popularized this approach before JSp came along and decided to jump on the bandwagon.In fact, JSp not only adopted the general idea, it even used many of the same special tags as ASp did.So, the question becomes: why use JSp instead of one of these other technologies? Our first response is that we are not arguing that everyone should.Several of those other technologies are quite good and are reasonable options in some situations.In other situations, however, JSp is clearly better.Here are a few of the reasons.Versus.NET and Active Server pages(ASp)

.NET is well-designed technology from Microsoft.ASp.NET is the part that directly competes with servlets and JSp.The advantages of JSp are twofold.First, JSp is portable to multiple operating systems and Web servers;you aren't locked into deploying on Windows and IIS.Although the core.NET platform runs on a few non-Windows platforms, the ASp part does not.You cannot expect to deploy serious ASp.NET applications on multiple servers and operating systems.For some applications, this difference does not matter.For others, it matters greatly.Second, for some applications the choice of the underlying language matters greatly.For example, although.NET's C# language is very well designed and is similar to Java, fewer programmers are familiar with either the core C# syntax or the many auxiliary libraries.In addition, many developers still use the original version of ASp.With this version, JSp has a clear advantage for the dynamic code.With JSp, the dynamic part is written in Java, not VBScript or another ASp-specific language, so JSp is more powerful and better suited to complex applications that require reusable components.You could make the same argument when comparing JSp to the previous version of ColdFusion;with JSp you can use Java for the “real code” and are not tied to a particular server product.However, the current release of ColdFusion is within the context of a J2EE server, allowing developers to easily mix ColdFusion and servlet/JSp code.Versus pHp

pHp(a recursive acronym for “pHp: Hypertext preprocessor”)is a free, open-source, HTML-embedded scripting language that is somewhat similar to both ASp and JSp.One advantage of JSp is that the dynamic part is written in Java, which already has an extensive ApI for networking, database access, distributed objects, and the like, whereas pHp requires learning an entirely new, less widely used language.A second advantage is that JSp is much more widely supported by tool and server vendors than is pHp.Versus pure Servlets

JSp doesn't provide any capabilities that couldn't, in principle, be accomplished with servlets.In fact, JSp documents are automatically translated into servlets behind the scenes.But it is more convenient to write(and to modify!)regular HTML than to use a zillion println statements to generate the HTML.plus, by separating the presentation from the content, you can put different people on different tasks: your Web page design experts can build the HTML by using familiar tools and either leave places for your servlet programmers to insert the dynamic content or invoke the dynamic content indirectly by means of XML tags.Does this mean that you can just learn JSp and forget about servlets? Absolutely not!JSp developers need to know servlets for four reasons:

1.JSp pages get translated into servlets.You can't understand how JSp works without understanding servlets.2.JSp consists of static HTML, special-purpose JSp tags, and Java code.What kind of Java code? Servlet code!You can't write that code if you don't understand servlet programming.3.Some tasks are better accomplished by servlets than by JSp.JSp is good at generating pages that consist of large sections of fairly well structured HTML or other character data.Servlets are better for generating binary data, building pages with highly variable structure, and performing tasks(such as redirection)that involve little or no output.4.Some tasks are better accomplished by a combination of servlets and JSp than by either servlets or JSp alone.Versus JavaScript

JavaScript, which is completely distinct from the Java programming language, is normally used to dynamically generate HTML on the client, building parts of the Web page as the browser loads the document.This is a useful capability and does not normally overlap with the capabilities of JSp(which runs only on the server).JSp pages still include SCRIpT tags for JavaScript, just as normal HTML pages do.In fact, JSp can even be used to dynamically generate the JavaScript that will be sent to the client.So, JavaScript is not a competing technology;it is a complementary one.It is also possible to use JavaScript on the server, most notably on Sun ONE(formerly iplanet), IIS, and BroadVision servers.However, Java is more powerful, flexible, reliable, and portable.Versus WebMacro or Velocity

JSp is by no means perfect.Many people have pointed out features that could be improved.This is a good thing, and one of the advantages of JSp is that the specification is controlled by a community that draws from many different companies.So, the technology can incorporate improvements in successive releases.However, some groups have developed alternative Java-based technologies to try to address these deficiencies.This, in our judgment, is a mistake.Using a third-party tool like Apache Struts that augments JSp and servlet technology is a good idea when that tool adds sufficient benefit to compensate for the additional complexity.But using a nonstandard tool that tries to replace JSp is a bad idea.When choosing a technology, you need to weigh many factors: standardization, portability, integration, industry support, and technical features.The arguments for JSp alternatives have focused almost exclusively on the technical features part.But portability, standardization, and integration are also very important.For example, the servlet and JSp specifications define a standard directory structure for Web applications and provide standard files(.war files)for deploying Web applications.All JSp-compatible servers must support these standards.Filters can be set up to apply to any number of servlets or JSp pages, but not to nonstandard resources.The same goes for Web application security settings.Besides, the tremendous industry support for JSp and servlet technology results in improvements that mitigate many of the criticisms of JSp.For example, the JSp Standard Tag Library and the JSp 2.0 expression language address two of the most well-founded criticisms: the lack of good iteration constructs and the difficulty of accessing dynamic results without using either explicit Java code or verbose jsp:useBean elements.10.4 Misconceptions About JSp

Forgetting JSp Is Server-Side Technology

Here are some typical questions Marty has received(most of them repeatedly).•Our server is running JDK 1.4.So, how do I put a Swing component in a JSp page?

•How do I put an image into a JSp page? I do not know the proper Java I/O commands to read image files.•Since Tomcat does not support JavaScript, how do I make images that are highlighted when the user moves the mouse over them?

•Our clients use older browsers that do not understand JSp.What should we do?

•When our clients use “View Source” in a browser, how can I prevent them from seeing the JSp tags?

All of these questions are based upon the assumption that browsers know something about the server-side process.But they do not.Thus:

•For putting applets with Swing components into Web pages, what matters is the browser's Java version—the server's version is irrelevant.If the browser supports the Java 2 platform, you use the normal AppLET(or Java plug-in)tag and would do so even if you were using non-Java technology on the server.•You do not need Java I/O to read image files;you just put the image in the directory for Web resources(i.e., two levels up from WEB-INF/classes)and output a normal IMG tag.•You create images that change under the mouse by using client-side JavaScript, referenced with the SCRIpT tag;this does not change just because the server is using JSp.•Browsers do not “support” JSp at all—they merely see the output of the JSp page.So, make sure your JSp outputs HTML compatible with the browser, just as you would do with static HTML pages.•And, of course you need not do anything to prevent clients from seeing JSp tags;those tags are processed on the server and are not part of the output that is sent to the client.Confusing Translation Time with Request Time

A JSp page is converted into a servlet.The servlet is compiled, loaded into the server's memory, initialized, and executed.But which step happens when? To answer that question, remember two points:

•The JSp page is translated into a servlet and compiled only the first time it is accessed after having been modified.•Loading into memory, initialization, and execution follow the normal rules for servlets.Table 1 gives some common scenarios and tells whether or not each step occurs in that scenario.The most frequently misunderstood entries are highlighted.When referring to the table, note that servlets resulting from JSp pages use the _jspService method(called for both GET and pOST requests), not doGet or dopost.Also, for initialization, they use the jspInit method, not the init method.Table 1.JSp Operations in Various Scenarios

JSp page translated into servletServlet compiledServlet loaded into server's memoryjspInit called_jspService called

page first written

Request 1YesYesYesYesYes

Request 2NoNoNoNoYes

Server restarted

Request 3NoNoYesYesYes

Request 4NoNoNoNoYes

page modified

Request 5YesYesYesYesYes

Request 6NoNoNoNoYes

中文翻译

JSp技术概述

一、JSp的好处

JSp页面最终会转换成servler。因而，从根本上，JSp页面能够执行的任何任务都可以用servler来完成。然而，这种底层的等同性并不意味着servler和JSp页面对于所有的情况都等同适用。问题不在于技术的能力，而是二者在便利性、生产率和可维护性上的不同。毕竟，在特定平台上能够用Java编程语言完成的事情，同样可以用汇编语言来完成，但是选择哪种语言依旧十分重要。

和单独使用servler相比，JSp提供下述好处：

JSp中HTML的编写与维护更为简单。JSp中可以使用常规的HTML：没有额外的反斜杠，没有额外的双引号，也没有暗含的Java语法。

能够使用标准的网站开发工具。即使对那些对JSp一无所知的HTML工具，我们也可以使用，因为它们会忽略JSp标签（JSp tags）。

可以对开发团队进行划分。Java程序员可以致力于动态代码。Web开发人员可以将经理集中在表示层（presentation layer）上。对于大型的项目，这种划分极为重要。依据开发团队的大小，及项目的复杂程度，可以对静态HTML和动态内容进行弱分离（weaker separation）和强分离（stronger separation）。

在此，这个讨论并不是让您停止使用servlets，只使用JSp。几乎所有的项目都会同时用到这两种技术。针对项目中的某些请求，您可能会在MVC构架下组合使用这两项技术。我们总是希望用适当的工具完成相对应的工作，仅仅是servlet并不能填满您的工具箱。

二、JSp相对于竞争技术的优势

许多年前，Marty受到邀请,参加一个有关软件技术的小型(20个人)研讨会.做在Marty旁边的人是James Gosling---Java编程语言的发明者。隔几个位置,是来自华盛顿一家大型软件公司的高级经理。在讨论过程中,研讨会的主席提出了Jini的议题,这在当时是一项新的Java技术.主席向该经理询问他的想法.他继续说,他们会持续关注这项技术,如果这项技术变得流行起来,他们会遵循公司的“接受并扩充(embrace and extend)”的策略.此时, Gosling随意地插话说“你的意思其实就是不接受且不扩充(disgrace and distend)。”

在此, Gosling的抱怨显示出，他感到这个公司会从其他公司那里拿走技术,用于他们自己的目的.但你猜这次怎么样?这次鞋子穿在了另一只脚上。Java社团没有发明这